Microscoping Techniques
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What deos the performance of a light microscope depend on? What is another name for it?
The performance of a light microscope, also known as an optical microscope, depends on the quality and correct use of the CONDENSOR LEST SYSTEM.
How does a transition electron microscope function? In what way is it better from a light microscope
It uses a beam of electrons, rather than light, to generate an image. - it has HIGHER RESOLUTION that the light microscope
What is the principle of the scanning probe microscopy?
A small probe is scanned over and interacts with a specimen.
What are the thee most common types of scanning probe microscopes?
AFM: atomic force microscopes MSOM/SNOM: near-field scanning optical microscopes STM: scanning tunneling microscopes
What can be scanned using a scanning electron microscope?
pollen
What is a fluorescent microscope?
technique based on fluorescent staining of cellular structures or staining of antigen/antibody complex.
What are super-resolution microscopes?
• use fluorescent labelled samples • with structured illumination • IMPROVES RESOLUTION by 2/4 times
What are the three main parts of a plant cell?
• CELL WALL • PROTOPLAST (cytoplasm, plasmalemma, tonoplast, cytosol, organelles, nucleus) • VACUOLE
What are the cell wall pores called in plants?
plasmodesmata
What does the plasmodesmata consist of?
• middle lamella • primary wall • secondary wall • pore membrane
What are plasmodesmata?
microscopic channels which transverse the cell walls of plant cells. enabling TRANSPORT and COMMUNICATION between them.
What are the functions of the cell wall?
• maintain the cell shape • protect the cell from rupturing (by vacuum pumping water) • give strength to cells, tissues and plants themselves, • important in absorption, transport and excretion of substances • protects the protoplast from damage and infection
Label a microscope diagram.
.
What is a vacuole? What is its purpose? What are they surrounded by?
• can make up up to 90% of the plant cell • surrounded by the TONOPLAST • have an aqueous liquid inside them: CELL JUICE
What is cell juice? What does it contain?
Cell juice is the aqueous liquid inside the vacuole. It contains: - dissolved chemicals - compounds - water-soluble red and blue pigments
What are the different forms of plastids?
1) CHROMOSPLASTS 2) LEUKOPLASTS 3) CHLOROPLASTS
What is the structure of a chloroplast?
• double membrane • stroma • thylakoids • granum • stromal thyllakoild (lamellae) • DNA • chlorophyll • carotenoids (carotees and xantophylls) • enzymes • lecithin
What are the different functions of chloroplasts?
• photosynthesis • synthesis of DNA, RNA, aminoacids and proteins • synthesis of fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, secondary metabolites, metabolism • main nutrient value
What is important about plasmids?
they can convert into each other.
What are chromoplasts?
• responsible for the distinctive colours (mainly because of the accumulation of carotenoid pigments). • different in shape (depending on the crystalization of pigments)
What happens during ripening (eg. in an apple)?
chloroplasts are converted into chromoplasts.
What are the functions of chromoplasts?
• attract insects (pollinators) • attract birds and mammals (seed dispersal) • important in diet • medical importance • make plants decorative
What are leukoplasts? What is a different name of them? What is their function?
also called “GERONTOPLASTS” • colourless plastids, FUNCTION: - storage and accumulation of nutrients - plants look more decorative
What does the conversion of plastids depend on?
the growing conditions (eg. seasons= water availability, sun availability, temperature, etc.)