Circulation
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Which type of blood vessels are high resistance vessels that can constrict and dilate?
Arterioles
Which of the following is not a physiological adaptation used by diving mammals?
An increase in heart rate while diving
The Bohr effect describes how in the blood at the _________ partial pressure of CO2 is __________, which promotes the __________ of O2 from hemoglobin.
tissues, high, unloading
Blood flow, blood pressure and vascular resistance are three variables that are important in circulation. Use an equation to describe how the variables are related to each other. What factors influence vascular resistance and how does it alter blood flow and blood pressure? (6 PTS)
• Blood flow = blood pressure / vascular resistance • Blood pressure = blood flow x vascular resistance Factors than influence vascular resistance: • viscosity - resistance increases • radius –> as radius decreases (by 1/2), resistance increases (by 16x) • length - resistance increases , blood flow decreases, blood pressure increases
Describe how many chambers exist in the heart and the general circulatory plan for mammals (5 pts)
Mammals (4 chambers) * Right atria = receiving O2 poor blood from body via vena cava * Left atria = receiving O2 rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins * Right ventricle = receives blood from right atria (blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries) * Left ventricle = receives blood from left atria (blood to body via aorta) -Left side of heart deals with O2 rich blood (more muscular ventricle generates higher pressure – efficient blood delivery to body –> mammals are high energy endotherms -Right side of heart deals with O2 poor blood
What are the main ways terrestrial animals can lose water to the environment?
• Evaporation across their general body surface • Excretory evaporative water loss • Respiratory evaporative water loss
Describe how many chambers exist in the heart and the general circulatory plan for amphibians (vertebrate) (5 pts)
Amphibians (3 chambered) - 2 atrial , 1 ventricle - Right atria = O2 poor blood from body - Left atria = O2 rich blood from the lungs w/ the mixing of O2 poor + rich blood in ventricle, spiral valve helps to keep O2 rich + poor blood a little separate -Sends blood to skin to pick up O2 -Alters blood flow to lungs + skin depending on how much being used for gas exchange (Flexibility)
Describe how cooperativity between the four subunits of hemoglobin creates a sigmoid oxygen-equilibrium curve. How does this help in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues? (8 pts)
• When O2 binds to one hemoglobin the others become more relaxed–> increases affinity (easier for O2 to bind) • Affinity increases each time an O2 binds to a hemoglobin (Look at drawing in notes)
Marine fish face the problem of passively losing water to, and gaining ions from, the surrounding environment. Describe what processes occur to keep the blood hyposmotic to the surrounding water. (6 PTS.)
• Passively lose water + gain electrons What do they do to stay hyposmotic? (less concentrated blood compared to water) • Drink water, but this brings in more salt • Actively transports ions from gut into blood –> water follows • Excrete Na+ + Cl- (monovalent ions) at gills –> actively uses ATP • Excrete divalent ions in urine at kidneys (Mg 2+, SO2-4) –> uses ATP
Why do animals have a circulatory system?
• Transport • Regulation
3 types of transport
• Respiratory - O2 + CO2 • Excretory - waste to kidneys • Nutritive - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
When does regulation occur?
• Endocrine –> hormones • Immune –> cytokines, white blood cells • Salt + water balance • Temperature • Protection –> platelets for blood clotting
4 chambered heart - mammals
• Left side of heart = oxygen rich + high pressure system • Right side of heart = oxygen poor + low pressure system
Pulmonary artery
lungs
Left ventricle , why is it important ?
generates a high pressure *important to get oxygen rich blood out into the body
Myogenic heart
beginning in muscle (vertebrate - human, daphnia)
Neurogenic heart
beginning in neurons (lobsters, shrimp, spiders, scorpions)
Electrical potential
causes voltage differences in other parts of the body because the heart muscle is depolarized in some regions
P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization
T wave
ventricular depolarization
Atria
repolarization
Where does the heart beat originate?
sinoatrial (SA) node
Ventricular diastole
ventricle is relaxed - passive filling - atrial contraction