Blood groups and transfusion reactions - Tutorial 8
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Define the term antigen
• A substance that is recognised as foreign by the immune system and generates an immune response
List the six different types of blood transfusion reactions
• Acute Haemolytic • Febrile • Mild Allergic • Anaphylactic and severe allergic • Circulatory overload • Sepsis
Describe what causes a febrile reaction
Reaction to donor WBC, platelets or plasma proteins
Describe the two major physiological events that occur during an acute haemolytic reaction
• The recipients antibodies attack the antigens on the donors red blood cells This is severe because the recipient will produce antibodies in huge numbers to attack the donor’s RBCs
Name the two types cholinergic receptors
• Nicotinic receptors -Muscarinic receptors
State the main locations for each of these two receptors
• Nicotinic: • Cells of adrenal medullae (secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline) • Neuromuscular end plates of skeletal muscles (muscle contraction) • Muscarinic: • Effectors innervated by parasympathetic nerves (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands) • Sweat glands Skeletal muscle blood vessels
• Describe the effect of administering an agonist medication on these receptors
Is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor (mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone)
• Describe the effect of administering an antagonist medication on these receptors
Is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor thereby preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone form having an effect
Name the two hormones that activate adrenergic receptors
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline