Term 1
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What bones make up the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial - cranium, mandible, cervical, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
List the type of bones and give a description
• Long bones - long cylindrical bones, enlarged at both ends, most important • Short bones - small cubed shape, articulate with other bones • Flat bones - curved and broad surfaces, • Irregular bones - specialised shape & function
Vertebrae
cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
Bones which make up the pelvic girdle
Ishium Illium Pubis Sacrum Cocyx
Define the functions of the skeleton
Support - keeps body upright and provides framework Protection - protects internal organs & reduces risk of injury Movement - allows movement through body through joints and muscles Shape and structure - helps maintain posture and keep upright Blood cells - certain bones produce blood cells Storage of minerals - bones store and release minerals
Describe a joint
Where 2 bones attach and articulate. Most important for movement.
What are the different types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilagenious, Synovial
What is a synovial joint and where are they found?
Freely moveable joints found at the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle
Name and describe the different types of synovial joints and give an example.
Ball and socket - sphere shaped head of one bone fitted into a rounded cavity (shoulder & hip) Hinge - joint between bones that allows movement in only 1 plane (elbow & knee) Pivot - freely moveable, allows rotary movement around a single axis (vertebrae) Gliding - joints which opposed surfaces are flat or slightly curved - bones slide (ankle & wrist) Saddle - a joint with saddle-shaped articular surfaces that are convex in one direction and concave in another - permit movements in all directions (base of thumb)
What is abduction vs adduction? And flexion vs extension?
Abduction - moves away Adduction - moves towards Flexion - closing of angles Extension - angle getting larger
Difference between ligament and tendon.
Ligament - Bone to bone Tendon - muscle to bone
State and describe the different types of connective tissue.
Tendon - muscle to bone Ligament - bone to bone Cartlidge - protective, rubber like fundaments of bones
Describe how muscles and bone work together to cause movement at a joint.
Muscles can pull bones, but they can’t push them back to the original position. So they work in pairs of flexors and extensors to allow us to move
What are the 3 types of muscles? What are their properties?
Skeletal - attached to bones, striated, voluntary, moves body Cardiac - involuntary, striated (heart) Smooth - not striated, involuntary (organs & arteries)
Name the different muscular contractions and their definitions.
Muscle changes length Isotonic - changes length and maintains tension Concentric - shortens when generating force (form of Isotonic) Eccentric - lengthens when force is applied (form of Isotonic) Isometric - no change Muscle changes length Isotonic - changes length and maintains tension Concentric - shortens when generating force (form of Isotonic) Eccentric - lengthens when force is applied (form of Isotonic) Isometric - no change *all during contraction
Explain agonist and antagonist muscles and give examples of common pairs found in the human body.
Agonist - muscle contarction moves body Antagonist - muscle moves or supports another muscle Bicep & Tricep, Quadricep & hamstring, Deltoid & Lats, Pecs & Trapezuis, Tibialis interior & gastrocnemius
Describe the function of the respiratory system.
A network of organs and tissues that help you breathe and helps your body absorb oxygen from the air and cleans waste gases from your blood
Explain the mechanics of breathing (in and out). Include the terms diaphragm, Intercostal muscles and air pressure.
In Intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts and flattens Chest cavity expands Lungs expand Air comes in Ribs move up and out Out Everything does the opposite
Explain the process of gaseous exchange.
Breathe in air Oxygen travels to alveoli In alveoli oxygen passes into red blood cells Oxygen combines with haemoglobin Forms oxyhemoglobin and taken into the capillaries Haemoglobin also carries CO2 from body to lungs CO2 is exhaled
Describe diffusion and the diffusion pathway.
All gases move from high concentration to low concentration trying to reach an equilibrium. The diffusion pathway is a short distance, 1 cell thick.
What is a spirometer.
Measures the 5 volumes associated with the lungs
Explain each of the volumes.
Tidal - amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath Expiratory reserve - amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume Residual - the air that stays in your lungs Vital capacity - largest volume of air
Veins vs arteries
Arteries carry oxygenated blood Veins carry deoxygenated blood *Pulmonary artery and veins are the opposite
Explain the path of deoxygenated blood - pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated blood arrives at the heart through superior and inferior vena cava Enters the right atrium and pumped through tricuspid valve to the right ventricle Then pumped from right ventricle through to pulmonary valve into pulmonary arteries Artery takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs for diffusion Lungs absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide