Genitourinary

an accessory reproduction gland, secretes a milky fluid that makes 30% of semen and contains a clotting enzyme to thicken semen in the vagina.

an increase in smooth muscle tone and resistance from prostatic intersitial cells, enlargement of the prostate due to an increase of cell number therefore obstructing the urethra. Occurs >65 years and increased androgen levels

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) which helps to liquify semen after ejaculation

androgens including testosterone (produced by testes) and dihydrotestosterone (produced by the prostate by 5a reductase converting testosterone) for survival

increases with age but testosterone decreases which can cause hyperplasia

promotes bacterial growth - can cause UTI

Hyperplasia - enlarged prostrate (static) Hyperplasia of the smooth muscle tone and resistance (dynamic) aging and testosterone decreasing and 5a reductase increasing creating an imbalance of growth factor and signalling pathways and epithelia interactions = growth promotion and tissue remodelling. Creates local inflammation - altered cytokine/ROS Increased O2 demand causes hypoxia Remodelled environment with prolonged inflammation Compresses urether.

Weak and dribble of urine Strain when urinating Dysuria (pain when urinating) Hesitancy urinating, Sense of incomplete bladder emptying leading to nocturia

digital rectal examination, levels of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) are increased with BPH not prostate cancer

Relieving obstruction and allowing normal urine flow

5a reductase inhibitor - inhibiting the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone = dutasteride/finasteride a1a - antagonists - bind to alpha 1 receptors of the smooth muscle (tamsulosin has greater selectivity for bladder and prostate a1 receptors) Prazosin and Phenoxybenzamine are also a1 antagonists Combinations : Duodart, Tamsulosin

Trans Urethral Resection of the Prostate is a surgical procedure to remove part or all of the prostate

Nope

Dilates and hypertrophy

called n.gonorrhaoeae

urethritis, cervitis, vaginitis, purulent discharge - pus colour and smelling burning when urinating

bacteria releases catalase to inhibit the neutrophils action and causes harmful proteases to be excreted when the neutrophil bursts

Treponema pallidum, gram (-) bacteria can be transferred by bodily fluids, contaminated needles and touching of a leaky chancre

Primary (Localised) forming painless skin chancres - localised to infected area Secondary - bacteria spreads systemically and is found in the lymph nodes - most infectious stage - lesions present on hands and feet Latent - asymptomatic - serology confirms Tertiary - most severe/rare when the bacteria enters organs and creates localised damage such as the heart or spinal cord. it is a type IV (4) Hypersensitivity

aortitis

neurosyphilis - deterioration of the brain

rash on hands and feet and swollen lymph nodes

Type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

lesion friction against mucosal surface