#2
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Which tissues work in conjunction to form enamel?
Stratum intermedium Ameloblasts
In which region is the heart found?
middle mediastinum
Formula for odds ratio
(ad)/(bc)
Formula for relative risk
(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
Types of studies ranked from best to worst
1-meta analysis 2-randomized controlled trial 3-prospective cohort 4-retrospective cohort 5-case-control study 6-case series study 7-case report
Characteristics of cross- sectional study
-random sample of population -measures prevalence -one point in time -social desirability bias
Characteristics of prospective cohort study
-observational -2 groups (exposed vs. non exposed) -present –> future -follows participants over time to see if the exposure, or lack of exposure, leads to disease -measures relative risk and incidence -best used for rare exposures -bias = loss to follow up bias
How many phases of clinical trial?
4
Phase 1 of clinical trial
-small number of healthy participants -determine safe dose range, toxicity and pharmacokinetics/dynamics
Phase 2 of clinical trial
-small number of diseased participants -determine optimized doses, adverse effects, and effectiveness
Phase 3 of clinical trial
-large number of diseased participants -randomly assigned to either treatment group or control group
Phase 4 of clinical trial
-post marketing surveillance -detect rare or long-term side-effects
Characteristics of case control study
-retrospective study -splits participants into 2 groups (diseased vs non-diseased) - present –> past - observes “what happened?” - use for rare diseases or long incubation periods - does not determine incidence or causality - recall bias
What do ameloblasts secrete?
proteins enamelin and amelogenin
What is the layer between inner enamel epithelium and stellate reticulum?
stratum intermedium
What are Meibomian glands?
Glands found in the eyelids that produce oil to prevent evaporation of tears
What is found in the middle mediastinum?
-pericardium -phrenic nerve -main bronchi -heart
Where are pectinate muscles found?
right atrium of the heart
In the Branchial arches, what is made up of ectoderm?
Pharyngeal clefts/grooves
In the Branchial arches, what is made up of endoderm?
Pharyngeal pouches
In the Branchial arches, what is made up of mesoderm?
Pharyngeal arches
What do pharyngeal clefts give rise to?
epithelium
What do Pharyngeal arches give rise to?
-connective tissue -cartilage -muscles -bones -nerves
What do pharyngeal pouches give rise to?
glands