Lecture 7 - Psychopathology
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What % fall under the category of abnormal?
30%, 1 in 3
What are the definitions of abnormal?
• Statistical in frequency - outside 2 sd • Personal suffering • Norm violation (very culuturally/ historically specific) • Classification systems (just try make money)
What are the % for standard deviations?
1 SD = 68% 2 SD = 95% 3 SD = 98%
What % of population has sz?
1-2% of world
What does Sz literally mean/
Split mind
What does Sz disturb?
• Thinking (issues with logic and structure, thoughts are random, confused and dont make sense, makes leaps in structure and describes unlikely events) • Emotion - e.g. laugh at funerals • Perception - Hallucinations • Behaviour - strange and disorganised
What are symptoms of sz?
• Delusions (fear of persuction, grandeur) • Hallucinations (voices can be aggressive or supportive) - linked to sensory modality, LSD effects same NT’s • Attentional problems (voices = distracting)
What are the 3 branches of causes for Sz?
• Genetics • environemtnal • Psychological factors • Biological factors
Outline genetic causes of Sz
• Combination of many genes • herditary • doesnt make it certain, just more likely
Outline environmental causes of Sz
• predispose abnormal brain development • Interacts with genetics: GENETIC VULNERABILITY AND ENV TRIGGER • Prenatal trauma/ infection/ influenza • childhood malnutrition/ trauma • complications with birth • maternal drug use during pregnancy • dad older than 45
Outline psychological causes of Sz
• not primary cause • Maladaptive experiences • Dysfunctional cognitive habits
Outline biological causes of Sz
• Enlarged ventricles (emotional expression, thinking, info processing, negative symptoms caused by less tisue around these) • Positive symptoms only assocated with dopamine, not strucutral abnormalities • Less tissue in: • Sub-cortical areas • Thalamic regions - relay station can cause thes issues • PFC - planning logic, analysis, organisation • contiuned loss makes worse symptoms • Integration of genetic and env factors - disruption in brain development caused by env factors • Synaptic pruning • Abnormalities in dopamine system (why ssri’s work for + symptoms) • Excessive dopamine = + symptoms • Not enough = - symptoms
OUtline synaptic pruning
• a cause of Sz • synapse elimination occurs between childhood and puberty onset • Number of synapses peak so enzymes destroy those that arent necessary - in sz this is too much and cuts out loads
OUtline dopamine pathways
INvolved in Sz • Dopamine is involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure and reward - if low = no reward • malfunctioning causes sz or parkinsons etc
What is dopamine associated with?
• Made in substantia nigra - about movement and reward/ pleasure
What are the 3 dopaminergic pathways associated with sz?
• Nigro-striatal - MOVEMENT - from substantia nigra - goes to putamen/ caudate • Mesolimbic - POSITIVE SYMPTOMS - from ventral tegmental area (VTA) - goes to limbic structures (amygdala/ nuclues accumbuns) • Mesocortical - NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS - from VTA - goes to frontal/ temporal loves
What receptors do anytipsychotics block?
D2 receptors
What symptoms do anti psychotics help?
Just positive symptoms, - symptoms worse they stop dopamine having any effect
What are the 2 extreme mood disorders?
Depression and mania - 1 in 5
What % of population has depression?
17%, 3f/ 1m - men supposed to not show emotion
What are the side effects of antipsychotics?
Serious: • Tremors, muscle rigidity, restlessness, (slow movement) • Symptoms of parkinsons (pill rolling) • Tardive Dyskenisia (motor system) - after prolunged use, due to excessive dopamine - cant control movements
Describe depression
Feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, helplessness
What can depression cause?
• Weight gain/ loss, sleep problems, cognitive deficitis, risk of suicide
Outline bipolar disorder
Two extreme moods, depression or mania - mania = abnormally elevated arousaal, affect and energy