pesticide pollution

1) specificity 2) persistence 3) bioaccumulation 4) biomagnification 5) mobility

1) pesticides are not specific to one species therefore will cause harm to other species 2) harm to non-target species is reduced by controlling dose

persistent pesticides are more likely to remain in the environment long enough to disperse over larger areas and have more time to bioaccumulate

1) liposoluble pesticides can dissolve in fats so organisms are unable to excrete or break them down fast enough so it accumulates in the body reaching toxic concentrations

pesticide conc may become more concentrated when they are eaten by predators

1) controlled by other properties such as solubility or ease of vaporisation 2) some pesticides may be transported via other animals

1) harm to non-target species by being toxic and inhibit metabolic processes causing ill health 2) food chain impacts from DDT which affected birds as it became concentrated - low does caused eggs to have thin shells - higher doses causes sterility or death

1) a reduction in the population of one species affects the inter-dependant species ie loss of food supply, pollinations, seed dispersal 2) some species populations increase as predation decreases

• used to control pests which transferred human pathogens 1) high toxicity= deaths of non-target species ie bees and butterflies 2) high persistence 3) liposoluble= bioaccumulations and magnification

• neurotoxins which inactivate enzyme acetylcholinesterase damaging nerve function • took over from organochlorines • low persistence and liposoluabilty= less bioaccumulation • high mammalian toxicity- farm workers and risk and non-target species • chronic exposure led to= impaired memory, depression and behavioural changes

• synthetic insecticide 1) high insect toxicity and low mammal toxicity 2) not persistent 3) not liposoluble 4) toxic to fish

• neuro toxin inhibiting acetylcholinesterase 1) high insect toxicity but low vertebrate toxicity 2) persistent and water soluble 3) toxic to bees 4) synergistic action with fungicides causing increased toxicity

1) restrict use 2) use of non-persistent pesticides 3) use of more specific pesticides 4) use of systemic pesticides 5) application timing 6) non-pesticide techniques