Topic 2 - States of Matter and Mixtures
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What are particles?
Molecules, ions or atoms
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
What do we use to show different states?
A particle model
What is each perfume in a particle represented by?
A solid sphere
What do properties of each state of matter depend on?
The forces between the particles
What decides if the forces between particles are weak or strong?
Whether the substance is a solid, liquid or gas
Describe the structure (including forces) of solids.
Strain forces of attraction between particles hold them together in fixed positions in a regular lattice arrangement
What can we say about the movement of particles in a solid? What does this cause?
They hardly move at al, just vibrate about their fixed positions, so all solids keep a definite shape and volume
What can we say about the energy of particles in a solid?
They don’t have much energy
What happens to a solid (and particles in it) when it’s heated?
The hotter it becomes, the more the particles vibrate, causing solids to expand slightly when heated
Describe structure of liquids
Some force of attraction between the particles, they’re free to move past each other, but tend to stick together
What can we say about shape and volume of a liquid?
They don’t keep a definite shape and flow to fill the bottom of a container, but do keep the same volume
What can we say about comparison of the energy of particles between solids, liquids and gases?
Gases have more energy than liquids, which have more energy than solids
What can we say about movement of particles in a liquid.
Particles are constantly moving in a random motion. They will flow to fill the bottom of a container.
How does heat affect liquids (and its particles)?
Hotter the liquid gets, faster particles move. This causes liquid to expand slightly when heated
What can we say about the forces of gases, and their structures?
No force of attraction between particles, they’re free to move. They travel in straight lines and only interact when they collide.
What can we say of the shape and volume of gases?
Gases don’t keep a definite shape or volume and will always fill any container, and will escape if it’s not air-tight
What happens when gas particles bounce of the walls of a container?
They exert pressure on the walls.
What can we say about movement of particles in gases?
Particles move constantly with random motion. will always fill any container, and will escape if it’s not air-tight
How does heat affect gas (and its particles?)
The hotter gas gets, the faster the particles move. Gases either expand when heated, or their pressure increases,
What happens when you take away or add energy to a substance?
You can convert it from one physical state to another
Describe the three step process of a solid turning to a liquid
1) solid is heated, particles gain more energy 2) this makes particles vibrate more, weakening forces holding solid together. This makes solid expand 3) at a certain temperature, particles have enough energy to break free from positions. This is called melting.
Describe the three step process of a liquid turning to a gas
1) liquid heated, particles get more energy 2) energy makes particles move faster, weakening and breaking bonds holding liquid together 3) at a certain temperature particles have enough energy to break their bonds. This is called evaporating, and the liquid turns into gas
Solid turning straight to gas is called?
Subliming