Section 4 - Hardware and Software - Programming Language Classification
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What is the accumulator?
A special memory location where all calculations are carried out
What is the control unit?
The location in the processor that decoded instructions
How is an instruction typically formatted in machine code?
They have an opcode and an operand
What is machine code?
Binary code that the computer can directly execute
What is a low-level programming language?
A programming language where the code reflects how the computer carries out the instruction
What is assembly code?
A low-level programming language. The opcode was replaced by a short mnemonic and the operand was replaced by a decimal or hexadecimal number
What was the first high-level language?
FORTRAN
What are imperative high-level languages?
Each instruction is a command to perform some step in the program, with each step being a step-by-step instruction
What are the advantages of high-level languages?
• They are relatively easy to learn • It is easier and faster to write a program in a high-level language • They are easier to understand, debug and maintain • They are not dependent on the architecture of a particular machine • There are many built-in library functions • Different high-level languages are written for particular types of problems
Why is assembly code still used?
When a program need to: - Execute as fast as possible - Occupy as little space as possible - Manipulate individual bits and bytes
What is assembly code still used in?
• Embedded systems • Interrupt handlers • Mobile phones
What are the different types of translators?
• Assemblers • Compilers • Interpreters
What is an assembler?
A program that will take each assembly language instruction and convert it to the corresponding machine code
What is the source code of an assembler?
The assembly code input
What is the object code of an assembler?
The machine code output
What is a complier?
A program that translates a high-level language into machine code. It does this by scanning through the entire source code and then reconstructing it in machine code
What is the source code of a compiler?
The code written by the programmer that is used as input data
Why is object code from a compiler hardware-specific?
Different hardware platforms require different compilers
What is an interpreter?
A translator that contains subroutines to carry out each high-level instruction.
How does an interpreter work?
It looks at each line of the source program, analyses it, and if there are no syntax errors it will call the appropriate subroutine within its own program code to execute the command
What is the bytecode?
The result of some high-level languages translation process
What is the bytecode interpreter?
The interpreter for bytecode