Final Exam

Order Response to environment Reproduction Growth and development Regulation Homeostasis Energy processing

• Can’t make their own energy • Do not grow • Not made out of cells • Rely on host cells for reproduction

Organic molecules could be formed abiotically from non-living materials in the presence of external energy sources.

light and water produce energy, reducing power, and oxygen as a byproduct. Enabled aerobic respiration

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free living prokaryotes that entered a symbiotic relationship with ancestral eukaryotes

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes and their own DNA. These organelles divide similarly to free-living bacteria. Their genes are more closely related to prokaryotes than to the host cell’s DNA.

An ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria, which evolved into mitochondria.

A descendant consumed photosynthetic bacteria, which evolved into chloroplasts.

thought to be the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis, enabling the development of aerobic respiration

Symbiosis: A relationship where two organisms of different species live together. Endosymbiont: An organism that lives inside another organism in a symbiotic relationship.

the capacity to do work (or heat). It exists in forms such as heat, light, electric, mechanical, chemical, and nuclear energy.

The energy of motion, performing work. Example: falling water or heating due to molecular movement.

Stored energy with the capacity to perform work, such as energy stored in chemical bonds.

A type of potential energy stored in molecules, released during reactions like breaking down sugars and fats.

Total energy in universe remains constant, cannot be created nor destroyed

Energy conversions increase entropy (disorder) in the universe. Energy transformations are not 100% efficient, with some energy always lost as heat.

the sum of all chemical activities within a cell

Anabolism: Synthesizes complex molecules from simple ones.

Catabolism: Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones.

sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, can be anabolic or catabolic

The energy available to perform work in a system under constant temperature and pressure.

Releases energy, with products having less energy than reactants.

Requires energy, with products storing more energy than reactants.

Using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.