14.2 Hybridization (HL)
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Hybridization
Mixing of orbitals in a particular atom to produce a new set of orbitals that have characteristics of the original but are better arranged for covalent bonding
Why does hybridization allow better covalent bonding?
Due to allowance for greater overlapping
What features do hybrid orbitals share that are different from parent orbitals?
Exactly the same: • Shape • Orientation • Energy in space
What is configuration of carbon (including 3 p orbitals) and hence when does excitation occur?
1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 and 2pz0. Excitation occurs when electron is promoted from 2s2 to 2pz0
What is hybridization in tetrahedrals?
sp3 hybridization (1 s and all 3 p orbitals)
When is energy that is required to promote electrons made up for eg. carbon
When C atom forms 4 new bonds, as bond-making releases energy (exothermic)
Are bonds equal in hybridization?
Yes. Bonds are otherwise not normally equal as 2s orbital is lower in energy
Sp3 hybridization
When 4 hybrid orbitals are formed. Tetrahedral arrangement to minimize repulsion
How would one draw arrow boxes to represent carbon to sp3 hybridization?
Normally carbon has 2 arrows in 1s2, 2s2 and two single arrows in 2p2 however AFTER hybridization, it changes to 2 arrows in 1s2 and 4 boxes in sp3, each with one arrow
Which orbitals will overlap in methane? Bond angle
Four sp3 orbitals overlap head on with s orbital of hydrogen to form 4 sigma bonds. Bond angle= 109.5
sp2 hybridization
1s and 2 p orbitals are involved. Eg. in alkenes
How does hybridization work in sp2?
One 2p orbital doesn’t participate as its a pi bond so there will be a full 1s2, a lone 2p and a single arrow in 3 boxes of sp2
Which bond is hybridized?
Only sigma bonds
Describe hybridized ethene C2H4
2 orbitals will bond with s orbital of hydrogens, 1 p orbital of carbon will bond with one of the other carbon and there will be a lone p orbital standing on both carbons.
sp hybridization
When there is triple bond so there are 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond hence only 1 p orbital participates
Describe hybridized structure of ethyne C2H2
Orbitals of carbon will react with other carbon and hydrogen but there will be 2 lone p orbitals
What can be correlated to hybridization? Give examples
Electron domain geometry • Linear has sp • Trigonal planar has sp2 • Tetrahedral has sp3
Which is higher in energy? 2p or sp
2p orbitals