Week 1 Day 2 - Chemistry

noble gases (column 8A) have a filled electron shell this makes them very stable explains strong energetic tendency of atoms to react in a way so as to acquire as many electrons as a noble gas elements that have the highest electron shell nearly filled to capacity tend to accept additional electrons (forming negatively charged anions) elements with nearly vacant electron shells tend to surrender the electrons from partially filled shells (forming positively charged cations) easier to gain or lose 1 electron, but much more difficult to gain or lose 2 or more—>covalent bonding

dihydrogenphosphate ion

iron(III) sulfate

contains 1 mole of a substance in a 1 liter solution

positively charged of protons = atomic number = determines identify of atom mass - 1 amu (cannot change # of protons or you change the element entirely)

intrinsic (independent of amount of material) i.e. color, density extrinsic i.e. mass, volume physical change - changes state of substance, but chemical makeup remains the same i.e. water to ice

strong bonds between non metals electrons are shared strongest bond in water

P^3-

dinitrogen monoxide nitrous oxide

Hydronium ion

electrically neutral mass - 1 amu varying # of neutrons in an element result in an isotope of the element

i.e. reactivity, flammability chemical change - changing the chemical makeup

protons + #neutrons

hydrogen (H) carbon (C) nitrogen (N) oxygen (O) sodium (Na) phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) chloride (Cl) potassium (K) calcium (Ca)

fundamental building blocks of matter comprised of 3 simpler particles: protons neutrons electrons

iron(II) sulfate

right side of the periodic table tend to form anions anionic charge = 8 - group# can be solids, liquids, gases tend to be brittle nonconductors of electricity and heat

ionic compound with a fixed number of water molecules

H20 repulsion of non-polar atoms i.e. C-C C-H

ionic bonds

left side of periodic table tend to form cations cationic charge = group # good conductors of heat+electricity malleable and ductile

contain 2 or more types of atoms contain positively charged ions and negatively charged ions all positively charged ions are attracted to all of the negatively charged ions (vice versa) ionic compounds are NOT molecules generally contain 1 metal and 1 nonmetal

weaker than ionic and covalent bonds attractions between partial positive charges on hydrogens and partial negative charges on oxygens, or nitrogen partial charges because electrons are shared unevenly

S^2-