DNA
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transcription
RNA synthesis from DNA
Translation
RNA used to synthesize polypeptide
Johann Friedrich Miescher
discovered DNA
Walther Flemming
Found chromosomes
Eduard Zacharias
Removing DNA from cells affected staining of chromosomes
Frederick Griffith
ran experiments on S and R strain bacterial pneumonia
transforming principle
the R strain can be converted to S through a substance in the S strain
Oswald Avery
ran experiments to find the transforming substance and suggested DNA
bacteriophage
viruses that infect bacteria (T2, T4, T6)
Hershey and Chase
experimented on T2 phages to determine DNA was the genetic material transferred
retrovirus
RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to import virus RNA as host DNA
provirus
intergrated viral genome
RNA tumor viruses
can cause cancer
oncogene
mutated version of a normal cellular gene that causes cancer
Chargaffs rules
A=T and C=G
B-DNA
right-handed, naturally occuring, and flexible (main form)
Z-DNA
left handed
A-DNA
right-handed, short/thick, artificial (most RNA double helixes are A)
topoisomerases
induce and relax supercoils
type 1 topoisomerase
introduce transient single-strand breaks in DNA
type 2 topoisomerase
introduces double-stranded breaks (DNA gyrase)
what is the absorbtion maximum of DNA
260nm
How does denaturing affect light absorbtion
as strands separate, absorbance increases
DNA melting temperature (Tm)
the temperature where half the absorbance change is reached