Reproduction In Vertebrae & Strategies

Occurs when sperm cells from male is transferred into female to fuse with ovum by copulation

Ensures sperm cell comes into contact with ovum Developing Embryo is protected from predators Developing Embryo is removed from harsh environments

Fewer eggs are produced The animal must have copulatory organ to insert sperm cells into female body

Fertilisation occurs outside of body where male and female gamete are released into the water and sperm cell swims /is carried to the ovum.

Does not have a protective shell Requires a moist environment as it dries easily Many eggs end up not being fertilized

Water prevents egg from drying out Water allows sperm cell to swim towards egg Has a jelly like substance to protect developing Embryo Has a jelly like substance that allows exchange of gases between Embryo & water Ovums and sperm produced in large amounts

Egg laying animals

Eggs are laid and development of organism is completed inside the ovum. Some eggs are protected by a hard shell while others are protected by jelly like layer Seem in frogs, insects, birds

Ova & sperm cells are produce in large numbers to increase chances of survival to adulthood Parental care ensures survival to adulthood

Mortality rate is high Much energy is invested for parental care

Animals that produce Ovums kept in their bodies until they hatch (body temperature keeps them warm until they hatch) No connection between mother & egg & some examples include some snakes, lizards, sharks

Young one is protected from cold & predators to ensure survival Young one can develop to a fairly large size before birth

Fewer offspring are born More energy is used by female carrying the eggs

Animals that give birth to live young offspring A connection exists between developing foetus & mother Examples are dogs and humans

Temperature is regulated by mother Mother provides nutrition Mortality rate is lower Embryo is protected by mothers body More efficient development as nutrients are received for longer period from mothers blood through placenta

Number of offspring produced is few More energy is used to provide parental care

A membrane that exists in oviparous Vertebrates that surrounded Embryo

Shell Amniotic cavity Amnion Albumen Allantois Chorion Embryo Yolk Yolk sac (SAAAACEYY)

Encloses Embryo

A white, soft, runny substance rich in protein which supplies water to Embryo

Serves as the food supply for Embryo

Support Yolk Anchors Yolk Allows Yolk to rotate and keep germinal disc on top side, close to hens body

Small pale spot where Embryo will develop

Waterproof Layer providing protection but allows porous gases. The air space is below and assists with exchange of gases into & from egg