(6) Carbohydrates
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Nonreducing substances do not have ___ or ___ groups.
ketone; aldehyde.
Most common source of nonreducing substances.
Sucrose (table sugar).
What two properties of reducing substances are used in most methods for carbohydrate determination?
Presence of ketone or aldehyde group; can oxidize or reduce other substances.
Define glycolysis.
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for the production of energy.
Insulin production is from what types of cells?
Beta islets cells of Langerhans in pancreas.
Insulin is released when glucose levels are ___.
elevated.
Glucagon production is from what types of cells?
Alpha islet cells of Langerhans in pancreas.
Glucagon is released in…
stress and fasting states.
Somatostatin is produced by what types of cells?
Delta cells in the islets of Langerhans in pancreas.
How does somatostatin increase plasma glucose levels?
Inhibits insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other hormones.
Epinephrine is produced by the…
adrenal medulla.
At what times is epinephrine released within the body?
Stimulated by physical or emotional stress.
How is insulin effected by epinephrine?
Inhibits insulin secretion.
Cortisol is produced by the…
adrenal cortex.
Cortisol is released when stimulated by…
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
How does cortisol effect plasma glucose?
Increase in plasma glucose.
The release of growth hormone is stimulated by decrease of…
glucose and cortisol levels.
Growth hormone is inhibited by…
increased glucose.
ACTH is stimulated by the adrenal cortex to release…
cortisol.
How does ACTH effect liver enzymes?
Increase.