humandevl final 5-

2 1/2 inches in height, 5-7 pounds a year in early childhood

nutrition and ethnic origin

the prefrontal cortex

myelination, increase in size and number of dendrites

self portrait composed of many pieces. includes vocational identity, political identity, religious, career, relationship, sexual, intellectual, cultural, personality, and physical

identity versus identity confusion. adolescents must decide who they are and where they are going.

Erikson’s word for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. adolescents are free from responsibilities and able to try out different indentities.

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement. based on the extent of crisis or commitment.

first status of identity. status of people who havent experienced crisis or made any commitments, they are undecided and show no interst in occupational or ideological choices

status of people who have made commitment but not crisis. parents hand down commitments in authoritarian way before adolescents can explore different approaches.

status of individuals in crisis whose commitments are absent or vaguely defined

status of individuals who have undergone crisis and made commitment

in emerging adulthood

aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in ethnic group.

conflict increases between parents and adolescents, but the conflict is usually moderate rather than severe.

adolescents tend to prefer to have a number of smaller, more intense friendships than chidlren.

small groups that range from two to 12 individuals, averaging 5/6. the members are usually the same age and sex. form when adolescents engage in similar activities, or because of friendship.

larger and less personal than cliques. adolescents are members of crowds based on reputation, and they are defined by the activities adolescents engage in.

cliques/crowds and peer conformity

entering into romantic attractions and afillitations (11-13). exploring romantic relationships (14-16) includes dating in groups. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds, characterized by the formation of strong emotional bonds resembling adult romantic relationships (17-19).

a ceremony that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another. most focus on the transition to adult status. they often involve dramatic practices that facilitate separation from the family. usually characterized by ritual death and rebirth. espiecally prevelaent in sub-Saharan Africa.

bar and bat mitzvah, catholic confirmation. social debuts. the high school graduation is nearly universal.

lower academic acievement, lower occupational attainment, psychological problems.

povery contributes to the strss expereienced by ethnic minority aolescents. racism and discrimination affect the,.