Midterm 1 - Review

A shared derived character that is shared by a lineage and its immediate ancestor

• Scientific theories are backed by multiple lines of evidence • Evolution is similar to other scientific theories • Evolution theory overwhelmingly accepted by biologists

Whales share synapomorphies with mammals - mammary glands three middle ear bones - hair in developing embryos

• Biologists expect the fossil record to be incomplete - right type of sediment is needed • Available molecular, morphological, embryological evidence strongly supports relationships between current and past species

• O18/O16 ratio higher in saltwater • Higher ratio in teeth of marine animals

Organs, tissues or cells in a body which are no more functional the way they were in their ancestral form of the trait

• Natural selection works with available genetic variation • Dolphin embryo still makes hindlimb buds that disappear later in development

• natural selection for traits that are beneficial for individuals or their genes in a particular environment • Traits bod for individuals can still be selected for the good of the species

Genes that are still present but not functional

• Evolution works on inherited traits • Acquired changes are not passed to offspring • Populations evolved individuals do not evolution results from changes in allele frequency • Long lived organisms living in small populations cannot usually adapt to rapid evolutionary changes in their environment so often go exist

Yes

• Observations • Generate hypothesis • Test predictions • Revise your hypothesis

• also called the first law stated that all such changes were heritable continuous, gradual change of all organisms, as they became adapted to their environments • Viewed species as populations of individuals showing variation

Popularized idea that earth changes gradually

• (poor biological illustrator) • Designed multiple phylogenetic trees reflecting evolutionary pathways.

• Discarded concept of fixed species • Viewed species as populations of individual

Human population size limited by resource

Proposed natural selection as the mechanism that explained decent with modification

Sent Darwin a letter from tenant, indonesia in february that independently formulated the ideas of natural selection

• Individuals within species are variable • Some of phenotypic variation among individuals is inherited by their off spring • In every generation more offspring are produced that can survive therefore, only some will breed • The survival and reproduction of individuals is not random: individuals with the most favorable variation will survive and reproduce the most -> naturally selected

• The non-consistancy of species • the decent of all organisms from common ancestors • The gradualness of evolution • The multiplication of species

• Darwin believed in blending inheritance • He never completely resolved the relationship between natural selection and the effect of use and disuse • He could not answer the criticism, that the initial effects of natural selection would be nullified by crossing between the selected individuals and the rest of the population with black fur

• Genes as particles • random segregation

Book synthesized empirical results by mendel and fruit fly geneticist and population genetics with darwins theory