Aldehydes and Ketones
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What functional group do aldehydes and ketones contain?
The carbonyl group, consisting of a carbon oxygen double bond (C=O)
What is the general formula of an aldehyde?
RCHO
What is the suffix used when naming aldehydes?
The suffix is -al
Is the carbon of the aldehyde functional group included in the root name of the compound?
Yes
Name the compound drawn ( h - c = o - h)
Methanal
What suffix is used when an aldehyde group is directly attached to a benzene ring?
-carbaldehyde
When naming an aldehyde group on a benzene ring, is the aldehyde carbon counted as part of the root name?
No
Where is the carbonyl group located in an aldehyde/ketone?
Aldehyde: At the end of the carbon chain Ketone: In the middle of the carbon chain
What suffix is used when naming ketones?
-one
What is the general formula of a ketone?
RCOR’
What type of groups can the R in aldehydes and ketones represent?
Alkyl or aryl groups
Name the compound drawn (CH3COH)
Reveal name of compound and compare to your answer
Why is the carbonyl group (C=O) strongly polar?
Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon creating, partial positive and negative charges
What type of intermolecular forces exist between ketone molecules?
Permanent dipole - dipole forces
Draw a ketone (propanone) reacting with a water molecule
Outline the formation, check the correct one and mark against your own drawing
How do boiling points of ketones compare with alkanes and alcohols of similar relative molecular mass?
Ketones have higher boiling points than alkanes, due to permanent dipole - dipole forces. However, ketones have lower boiling points than alcohols, because of the strong hydrogen bonds alcohols form
Why do shorter chain aldehydes and ketones mix completely with water?
This is because they form hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of the carbonyl group and water molecules
Why do aldehydes and ketones become less soluble in water, as chain length increase?
The non - polar hydrocarbon chain becomes larger, reducing the influence of the polar carbonyl group
Why can nucleophiles attack the carbon atom of the carbonyl group?
Due to the polarity of the C=O bond, the carbon atomis electron deficient
Why are addition reactions possible in carbonyl compounds?
This is because the C=O bond contains a double bond, making them unsaturated