Programming Concepts

A step-by-step set of instructions used to solve a problem or perform a task.

A named storage location that holds a value which can change while the program is running.

A named value that does not change while the program is running.

The order in which instructions are executed, one after another.

Making decisions in code using conditions (e.g., if, elif, else).

Repeating a set of instructions — can be a fixed number of times (for) or while a condition is true (while).

A classification of data which tells the computer how the programmer intends to use it (e.g., integer, string, boolean).

• Integer (int): whole numbers • Float: numbers with decimal places • String (str): text • Boolean (bool): True or False

Changing the data type of a value (e.g., int(“10”) to turn a string into an integer).

• == (equal to) • != (not equal to) • < (less than) • > (greater than) • <= (less than or equal to) • >= (greater than or equal to)

• and: True if both conditions are true • or: True if at least one condition is true • not: Reverses the condition (True becomes False)

A block of code that can be called and reused — either a function or a procedure.

• Function: returns a value • Procedure: performs an action but doesn’t return a value

• Avoids repetition • Makes code easier to read and test • Allows code reuse • Makes programs easier to maintain

To explain what the code does — useful for documentation and understanding by others (and yourself).

An error in the code that breaks the rules of the programming language — prevents the program from running.

An error in the program’s design that causes incorrect behaviour or output, even though the code runs.

The process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in a program.

Integrated Development Environment — a software package that provides tools for coding, such as a code editor, debugger, and interpreter/compiler.

• Syntax highlighting • Error messages and debugging tools • Code completion and suggestions