Part 6
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the number of moles of solute per liter of solution …is what?
molarity
the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent …defines what?
molality
a positive delta H means what?
rxn is endothermic (heat goes on the reactants side)
a negative delta H means what?
the rxn is exothermic (heat goes on the products side)
what does it mean when E0 is negative?
reaction is NOT spontaneous
what is a rxn said to be when a positive E0, -deltaG, and K>1 are observed?
spontaneous!
a spontaneous rxn has what?
+E0 -deltaG K>1 & goes to completion by at least 50%
which elements are known to form complex ions, form colored compounds, have varying oxidation numbers ?
transition metals
elements beyond the second row are capable of what regarding the octet rule?
expand their octets to include more than 8 electrons by incorporating d-orbitals
which type of bonding forms crystal lattices?
ionic bonding
which are the only elements that the octet rule always applies to STRICTLY?
CNOF
a covalent bond can either be..?
polar or nonpolar
what makes a molecule polar?
covalent bond where there is a difference in EN and the the e- are pulled towards more EN element, resulting in a dipole moment
when is a molecule nonpolar?
covalent bonding between atoms with same EN values (diatomic molecules) AND ALSO when dipoles cancel each other out …
what is a coordinate covalent bond?
the shared e- pair comes from the lone pair of one of the bonding molecules
when is coordinate covalent bonding common?
lewis acid-base compounds
what does intermolecular mean?
between molecules
do ionic compounds form true molecules?
no! only covalent MOLECULES
how do you go from emperical formula to molecular formula?
divide the true molecular weight (given) of the molecule by the emperical formula you just calculated
double displacement reactions are AKA what?
metathesis reactions