Aromic Structure

Nuclei that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons = same physical and chemical properties

Energy needed to bind together the nucleus of atoms

The nucleus prior to nuclear decay is called the parent and the nucleus formed as a results of nuclear decay is called the daughter nucleus

High velocity He atoms that are enmities by alpha decay, which steal two electrons and become helium

High velocity electrons

Daughter has mass number 4 less than parent, atom mic number 2 less than parent

Daughter will always be a different element but will have the same mass number as parent

Daughter is identical to parent, except it has less energy

The probability that a nucleus will decay in a given time is constant and independent of the surrounding of the nucleus

n = noe^-kt t(1/2) = ln2/k

Describes the distinct energy levels or shells of the electron that orbits the nucleus; # of e- = 2n^2

Refers to the subshell with in each energy level; l=0:uses s, l=1:uses p, l=2:uses d, l=3:uses f

Refers to the electron orbitals with each subshell; every s has 1 orbital, every p has 3 orbitals, every d has 5 orbitals, every f has 7 orbitals

s: 1 ml =0 p: 3 ml = -1,0,+1 d: 5 ml = -2,-1,0,+1,+2 f: 7 ml = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

Can either be +(1/2) or -(1/2), for up or down arrows respectively, follows Pauli exclusion principle

States that no two electrons in the same atom may ever have completely identical quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)

To find the correct ground state electron configuration of an atom, always completely fill all lower energy orbitals before filling any higher energy orbital

When partially filling degenerate orbitals of p, d, and f subshell a, always put on electron in each orbital before pairing them up; unpaired e- are orient so that their magnetic spins are all aligned

Extra stabilization is realized when an atom has a half filled or completely filled d orbital; Cr and Cu promote the 4s electron to the higher 3D subshell

Unlike other elements, transition metals always lose all their s electrons before losing any d electrons