Topic 10: Organic Chemistry

1 = meth- 2 = eth- 3 = prop- 4 = but- 5 = pent- 6 = hex- 7 = hept- 8 = oct-

single bond: -an- double bond: -en- triple bond: -yn-

-ane

-ene

-yne

-ol

-oic acid

R1 = -oxy R2 = -ane R2 must be the longest chain (so it’ll be used as the parent name)

chloro-/bromo-/iodo-

-al

-one

R1: alkyl group name (e.g. methyl, ethyl) R2: -oate

alcohol

• increase in b.pt down the homologous series • increase in strength of Van der Waals/London/dispersion forces • increase in size of molecule/number of electrons

• same general formula • successive members differ by a CH2 chain • same functional group • similar chemical properties • gradual change in physical properties (e.g. m.pt/b.pt)

carbon’s ability to link itself to form chains and rings

contain only single bonds

compounds containing double or triple bonds

• compounds that don’t contain a benzene ring - can be saturated or unsaturated

• compounds that contain a benzene ring - all are unsaturated

• electron-deficient species • attracted to electron-rich parts of molecules • positive ions or at least have partial positive charge • act as lewis acids

• electron-rich species • attracted to parts of molecules that are electron-deficient • nucleophiles have a lone pair of e-s and may also have negative charge • act as lewis bases

• molecules become more spherical due to branching - ↓ contact SA = ↓ no. of London dispersion forces = ↓ boiling point

• alkane • alkene • alkyne