Cell Signalling
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How many cells are there in the human body?
Humans have 37 trillion cells which all need coordination
What are key physiological processes that require signalling? IMNH
Immune system Metabolic control Neutronal communication Hormonal regulation
How was diabetes disease formed in terms of signalling?
This is due to insulin receptor damage so insulin signalling defects
How is cancer formed in terms of signalling?
By Growth factor signalling over reactivity
What does immune system signalling dysregulation cause?
Autoimmune disease
What does neurotransmitter imbalances lead to?
Neurological disorders
How many current drugs target signalling proteins?
60% of current drugs target signalling protein
Give me three types of cell signalling processes?
Direct cell -cell contact Paracrine and autocrine Endocrine
What does direct cell cell contact mean?
It’s one cells can communicate by physical touch
What does paracrine and autocrine mean?
Cells can communicate by talking to nearby cells or themselves
What does endocrine mean?
Hormones travel in the blood too far away cells to communicate
How does direct cell-cell contact occur ?
Direct cell–cell contact occurs via interactions between surface molecules (e.g. membrane-bound ligands and receptors) and through direct cytoplasmic connections such as gap junctions in animal cells or plasmodesmata in plant cells.
How does paracrine or autocrine signalling occur ?
Signalling works over a short distance So diffusion has a limited range In a paracrime , you have neighbouring cells eg a target cell which releases the signal and a signalling cell which accepts the signal whereas in autocrine that same cell releases the signal
Why is autocrine and paracrine signalling used?
It’s important and inflammation, wound healing and local tissue regulation
How does endocrine signalling occur?
The signalling cell releases hormones which are the signals into the bloodstream. This is a long distance communication which can last from minutes to hours. This is a more slow and long lasting effect.
What are examples of endocrine signalling?
Insulin, thyroid hormones, cortisol
What is the order of the pathway that every signalling system does?
• signalling molecule. • Receptor. • Intracellular signalling cascade.(process.) • Cellular response. • Termination.
What is the signalling molecule also known as?
First messenger
What are occurs in receptors in cell signalling in all systems ?
Recognition so receptor has received the signal and transduction Also as you go down the cascade , amplification occurs
How can you tell that the receptor has received the signal?
It usually changes shape
What is transduction?
This is when the signing molecules activate the receptor which activate the relay molecules within the cell by a chain reaction
What does signal termination mean?
This means that the signal must be turned off otherwise there will be continuous signalling.
What does specificity mean in terms of cell signaling ?
The receptor has a specific shape and binds to a specific signalling molecule by induced fit model
What does amplification mean in terms of cell signaling ?
This means when a small signal can produce a large response as you go down the chain of reaction ,the signal gets stronger