ecology

20+

1- GEOGRAPHICAL isolation 2-separate GENE POOLS ( lack of GENE FLOW) 3-variation due to MUTATION 4-different selection pressures 5-different reproductive success 6- change in ALLELE frequency

1-capture sample, mark AND release 2-method of marking cannot harm animal or reduce its chance of survival 3-leave for sufficient time to randomly distribute into the area, then collect 2nd sample 4-population = (number in first sample x number in second sample) / number recaptured

-pioneer species die and change the ABIOTIC factors for primary colonisers -primary colonisers live in a less HOSTILE environment -climax community live in a more SUITABLE environment than before.

-ammonium ions converted to nitrite ions -nitrite to nitrate ions (nitrification) -nitrate either; -becomes N2 gas via denitrification by anaerobic bacteria -ammonium containing molecules in producers -any N2 gas can undergo nitrogen fixation via aerobic bacteria to ammonium molecules in producers -either then become amine groups in consumers or ammonium containing molecules in saprobionts -then becomes ammonium ions in the groud via ammonification

Root nodules (in legumes)

-phosphate ions in plants, phosphate ions in mammals and phosphate ions in waste are all dissolved in oceans -these phosphate ions then end up as phosphate in rocks via deposition .

-divide area into equal squares -use random number generator to gain co-ordinates of at least 20 squares -place quadrat and measure number of species (as percentage cover or observable number) -record all data then take a mean value -times mean value by number of squares -if using percentage cover, add percentages then divide by number of squares

-percentage cover for more continuous data i.e blades of beach grass -actual discrete numbers for larger objects i.e barnacles

To avoid any form of bias

The dry material in an organism

-metabolic processes such as heat use energy -energy lost in faeces and urine -not all parts of organism is consumed by other organism (i.e fox not eating the bones)

GPP: gross primary production, all of the energy made by all producers in a certain area at a certain time NPP: remainder of the gross production after all the respiratory losses are accounted for NPP = GPP - R

Net production is the total chemical energy consumers store after energy losses to faeces, urine and respiration have been taken away from the chemical energy store of the ingested plant food -N = I - (F+R)

-The role of an organism in its environment -organisms with the same niche will be in competition

-the variety of living organisms in an environment

-decreases species richness -use of pesticides/herbicides

-decreases genetic diversity -farmers select for certain characteristics , which reduces number of different alleles in the population

-use hedgerows instead of fences -grow different crops in the same area -limit use of pesticides and herbicides

-interspecific competition is between different species -intraspecific competition is between organisms of the same species

-selecting a group of individuals to measure that represent a whole population

-allopatric, geographical separation i.e flood -sympatric, slight variation in phenotype -hybrid sterility, gamete fusion produces odd number of chromosomes -gametric, gametes stopped from combining -temporal, breeding seasons don’t overlap

• a fungus that increases the surface area of root systems, helps increase uptake of water and mineral ions

-symbiotic relationship -the plant receives more minerals and water -the fungus receives organic compounds (eg glucose)