INSTRUMENTATION

Filter Photometry is also called as? [2]

The measurement of emitted light when an electron in an atom becomes excited by heat energy produced by the flame.

FES is used primarily to determine concentration of [3] since these alkali metals are easy to excite.

Filter Photometry: _________ is used to excite the electrons present in atoms → excited electrons release/emit light →__________ is being measured Once the atom is exhausted, losing the light emitted → go back to ________

Components of the Flame Photometer [4]

Excited atoms return to ground state by emitting light energy that is characteristic of that atomic species.

FES ________ using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas [3 examples]

FES: Source or fuel of this machine producing the flame

FES: breaks up the solution into finer droplets so that the atom will absorb heat energy from the flame and get excited.

FES: Sprays onto fuel and covert it to finer droplets

FES Types of Burners

aspirate sample directly into the flame, the gases are passed at high velocity over the end of the capillary suspended in the solution.

involves the gravitational feeding of solution through a restricting capillary into an area of high velocity gas flow where small droplets are produced and passed into the flame.

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner Fuel is aspirated through capillary action (pulled upwards)

Total Consumption Burner or Premix Burner Source of fuel comes from upper part of system

FES Monochromators [3]

Na filter: transmit [color] light [#nm] K filter: transmit [color] light [#nm] Lithium: transmit [color] light [#nm]

Filter Photometry Detector [1]

referred to as the internal standard, also acts as a radiation buffer in Filter photometry

Reasons why lithium is preferred in EFP?

Its purpose is to achieve stability where there are fluctuations caused by changes in fuel of air pressure which affects flame temperature and rate of sample aspiration.

CRITERIA IN CHOOSING THE INTERNAL STANDARD/Lithium for EFP ➢ Its concentration must be precisely the ______ in all samples and standards. ➢ Energy required of the internal standard must be close to that required to ______ the element being measured. ➢ Must be [normally/not normally] found in ion being analyzed. ✓ In cases where lithium is the analyte ,_______ is used as internal standard

Based on absorption of electromagnetic radiation by the atom

____________ The element is not excited but they are dissociated from their chemical bonds and placed in the __________________. Breaking chemical bonds