ENZYMES

Higher the enzyme concentration, the faster is the reaction, because more enzyme is present to bind with substrate

The reaction rate steadily increases as more subtrate is added

Organic Compound Increasing its concentration will increase the velocity of an enzymatic reaction Essential to achieve absolute enzymatic activity Ex: NAD & NADH

Inorganic ions which alters the spatial configuration of enzyme for proper substrate binding Ex: Calcium, Zinc, Chloride, Magnesium & Potassium

Inorganic ion attached to a molecule Ex: Catalase & Cytochrome Oxidase

Physically binds to the active site of an enzyme Inhibition is reversible when the substrate concentration is significantly higher than concentration of inhibitor

Does not compete with substrate but look for areas other than the active sire Subtrate & Inhibitor may bind an enzyme simultaneously

Inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex Increasing substrate concentration results to increase inhibition

Enzymes having the same catalytic reactions but slightly different molecular structures because of differences in the amino acid sequence of enzymes

Enzymes are active at what temperature?

Most physiologic reactions occur in the pH range of ___

Ideal temperature for preservation of enzymes

Ideal storage temperature for substrates and coenzymes

Ideal for storage of LDH LDH4 LDH5 Cold labile LDH

Catalyze the removal or addition of electrons Ex: 1. CO 2. LDH 3. MDH 4. ICD 5. G-6-PD

Catalyze the transfer of a chemical group other than hydrogen form one substrate to another Ex: 1. CK 2. AST 3. ALT 4. OCT

Catalyze hydrolysis or splitting of a bond by the addition of water Ex: 1. ACP, ALP, CHS, LPS 2. Trypsin, Pepsin, LAP 3. AMS, Galactosidases

Catalaze removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis Ex: 1. Glutamate decarboxylase 2. Pyruvate decarboxylase 3. Tryptophan decarboxylase 4. Aldolase

Catalyze the intramolecular arrangement of the substrate-compound Ex: 1. Glucose phosphate isomerase 2. Ribose phosphate isomerase

Catalyze the joining of two substrate molecules, coupled with breaking of pyrophosphate bond in ATP or similar compound Ex: 1. Synthase

Reaction rate depends only on enzyme concentration

Reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration

Hig Specificity Enzymes:

Principal tissues of High Specificity enzymes: