Topic 2, topic 7, topic 8

Glucose and oxygen which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells used to make ATP, supply is limited so there must be continuous supply

left and right carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries Carotid arteries External: supply blood to the face and scalp Internal: supply blood to most of the cerebrum Brachiocephalic trunk: artery that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck

protects the brain from foreign substances that may injure the brain, maintains a constant environment for the brain it is a highly selective barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS small molecules like antidepressants and alcohol can slip through endothelial cells, large molecules such as glucose and insulin are transported through proteins

The brain obtains energy using glucose and oxygen, which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells Glucose and oxygen are used to make ATP inside the brain by the process of aerobic respiration Carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous If blood entering the brain has low glucose or oxygen levels, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions and loss of conciousness may occur

respiratory and cardiovascular control centres Includes: Diencephalon - Thalamus (perception of sensations cognition) Hypothalamus (control ANS, Hr, blood pressure, pituitary gland)

high-level brain functions such as thinking, language and emotion, and motivation. 3 broad processes 1-sensory (receiving sensory impulses) 2- association (interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response) 3- motor (transmitting impulses)

Motivation, reasoning and planning

Somatic sensory orientation

visual sensory and association centre

long-term memory

emotions and feelings

maintain balance and posture smooth out skeletal muscle contractions motor activities

travel around the body in the blood (adrenaline and testosterone)

act on neighbouring cells without entering the bloodstream and are usually inactivated quickly. (glucagon and serotonin)

secreted by the endocrine glands to regulate and coordinate a range of bodily functions. Most hormones are released in short bursts, although some are secreted over longer periods of time to stimulate permanent changes in the body. Hormones affect only specific target cells by (chemically) biding to specific receptors

complex feedback loops that may be influenced by -signals from the nervous system, such as adrenaline -Chemical changes in the blood, such as insulin -Other hormones like growth hormones

low resistance pathway for airflow defence against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled Warming and moistening the air

Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation (VC + RV)

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (TV+ERV+IRV)

Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation