8th Chapter Vocab

British economist who maintained that increasing human population would eventually deplete the available food supply until starvation, war, or disease arose and reduced the population

A formula that represents how humans’ total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction among three factors: population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T)

a social science that applies the principles of population ecology to the study of statistical change in human populations

a social scientist who studies the population size, density, distribution, age structure, sex ratio, and rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration of human populations

the average number of children born per female member of a population during her life time

the total fertility rate (TFR) that maintains a stable population size

the rate of change in a populations’s size resulting from birth and death alone, excluding, excluding migration.

a theoretical model of economic and cultural change that explains the declining death rates and birth rates that occurred in western nations as they became industrialized. the model holds that industrialization caused these rates to fall naturally by decreasing mortality and by lessening the need for larger large families. parents would thereafter choose to invest in quality of life rather that quantity of children

the average number of years that individuals in particular age groups are likely to continue to live

the first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most human history. in pre-industrial societies, both death rates and birth rates are high

the third stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by falling birth rates that close the gap with falling death rates and reduce the rate of population growth

the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly

the effort to plan the number and spacing of one’s children so as to offer children and parents the best quality of life possible

the deliberate attempt to prevent pregnancy despite sexual intercourse

the effort to control the number of children on bears, particularly by reducing the frequency of pregnancy

the portion of a woman’s life between sexual maturity and menopause during which she may become pregnant

the second stage of the demographic transition model, which occurs during the transition from the pre-industrial stage to the industrial stage. it is characterized by declining death rates but continued high birth rates

an inability on the part of governments to address overwhelming challenges to population growth

agriculture that does not involve tilling (plowing, digging, harrowing, or chiseling) the soil. the most intense form of conservation fatique

a crop that covers and anchors the soil during times between main crops, intended to reduce erosion

the practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising livestock for human use and consumption

land that people use for raising plants for food and fiber

land used for grazing livestock

agriculture that can be practiced in the same way and in the same place far into the future. sustainable agriculture does not deplete soils nor reduce the clean water and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production