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what is a homologous series
a series of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties
what homologous series are alcohols a part of
alkanols
what are the alkanols
alkanols are a homologous series consisting of single carbon to carbon bonds but contain an OH (hydroxyl) in the molecule, this hydroxyl is the functional group
what is the general formula for alcohols
Cn H2n+1 OH
what is an isomer
same molecular formula but different structural formula
how do you name a alkanol
same as alkanes but the OH gets priority (smallest number) e.g propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol
how do you name a alkanol
same as alkanes but the OH gets priority (smallest number) e.g propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol
why are there no isomers for methanol or ethanol
only 1 possible position for the OH
how is ethanol made
fermenting fruit, vegetables or grains
what is the word equation for fermentation
i zymase glucose ———-> alcohol + C02
why does fermentation only yield alcohols with a maximum percentage of 15%
any more alcohol then that and the yeast is killed
what process is used to increase alcohol strength
distillation
solubility of alcohols
larger the molecule = less soluble
uses of ethanol
making vinegar alcoholic drinks making chloroform removing marker pens bio-fuel
what controls the boiling point of covalent molecular substances
intermolecular substances
why is fermentation not used on an industrial scale and what is used instead to produce ethanol
fermentation is too expensive and slow so catalytic hydration of ethene is used
what are carboxylic acids
carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids) are a series with single carbon to carbon bonds but contain a COOH (carboxyl) in the molecule. This is the functional group
what is the general formula for carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH
uses of carboxylic acids
salicylic acid = aspirin stearic acid = soap ethanoic acid = vinegar/cleaning products/food flavour and preserve
what is a neutralisation reaction
a neutralisation reaction is when an acids pH is brought to pH7 by the reaction of it with another chemical produces a salt and water
what are the products of neutralisation reaction
a salt and water
what bases can a carboxylic acid react with in a neutralisation reaction
alkalis (metal hydroxides), metal oxides, metal carbonates
salts
methanoic acid + copper carbonate –> copper methanoate + H2O butanoic acid + lithium hydroxide –> lithium butanoate + H2O
solubility of carboxylic acids
just like alcohols small size carboxylic acids are soluble in water (miscible) but this decreases as molecular size increases