Lecture 8: governance
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What are the 3 ways of attaining legitimate governance?
Consent Consensus Concord
Who described climate change as a ‘wicked’ problem?
Rayner and Okereke, 2007
What are 7 reasons why climate change is so difficult to tackle?
• Time-scale of problem (urgency is tame) • Vested interests divert government attention • Causes and impacts are global • interdependence and feedbacks involved • Large uncertainty • Only partially formed global institutions to handle problem • Not a silver bullet solution • Does not fit well with current manner of politics
What are the overriding factors for how climate change is a difficult problem to solve?
Scale, uncertainty, culturally complex, multiple actors involved
Outline the scale factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
global issue with global impacts but with asymetrical variation which affects multiple levels. Furthermore,, the problem can be directly manifested for different regions and localities.
Outline the uncertainty factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
long term problem but with short-term consequences, no silver bullet solution, cross cuts lots of different spheres of society
Outline the culturally complex factor for why climate change is difficult to handle
Temporarily and spatially distant, the risk is not always tangible in daily life and has different meanings for different people.
Outline the multiple actors involved factor for why climate change is difficult to handle?
multiple industry sectors, different lobby groups, financial groups/bodies, different scales of government intertwined
What was the UNFCCC created for?
To grapple above issues of handling climate change at international level
Outline 3 things that happened in the pre-1990 phase of historical international climate governance period
Club of Rome Limits to Growth Bruntland Report WMO, UNEP and IPCC all set up
Outline what happened in the 1991-1996 phase of historical international climate governance period
1992 Rio conference
What were 4 aspects of the Rio 1992 conference?
• common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities • global south particularly vulnerable • New international blocks created • Establishes conference of the parties (COP)
Outline what happened in the 1997-2001 phase of historical international climate governance period
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
What were 3 aspects of the Kyoto 1997 conference?
• quantified mitigation targets • emissions trading, offsetting, sustainable forestry • clean development mechanism created
How was 1997 Kyoto limited?
• Took till 2005 to come in to force • Targets were too low • Disagreement on key issues • US withdrew • China not classed as Annex1
What were 4 things that happened in the 2002-2007 phase of international climate governance history?
IPCC AR4 Stern Review Kyoto’s clean development scheme Bali (COP13) road map produced for post-kyoto
What were 4 things that happened in the 2008-2014 phase of international climate governance history?
Climategate scandal Global financial crisis Barack Obama elected COP15 in Copenhagen
What were 2 aspects of the Copenhagen COP15?
Limit temperature rise to 2oC and transfer finances from developed to developing countries
What were 3 things that happened post 2014-?
• IPCC AR5 • China-US deal • COP21
What was the China-US deal?
Both greatly reduce emissions
What was the limitations of the COP21 agreement?
Nationally determined contributions left complete responsibility in the hands of individual countries. No collective means of enforcement and there were few quantified specific targets
What did Barnett (2007) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?
Climate change may not be a compatible issue with political geography of territoriality bounded nations
What did Bulkeley (2005) state with the problem of geopolitics of scale specifically to climate change?
It is a multi scalar issue that requires multi-scale coordination which is quite challenging
What is an alternative form of governance to the international level that could have great promise?
Cities