Gas Exchange In Humans
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Function of ribs and its description
Bone structure protects internal organs such as lungs
Description and function of intercostal muscle
Muscles between ribs to control it during inhalation
Diaghram
Sheet of muscle at bottom of throax help with inhalation
Trachea
Windpipe connect mouth to lungs
Bronchi
Thick tubes divides into two bronchi with one bronchi for each lung
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place
Mechanism of breathing in
Diaghram contract and flatten Internal intercostal muscle relax External intercostal muscle contract Ribcage pulled up Volume inside throax increase,pressure decrease Air rushes to lungs
Mechanism of breathing out
Diaphragm relaxes and turn to its normal dome shape Internal intercostal muscle contract External intercostal muscles relax Volume in lungs decrease, pressure increase Ribcage pulled down Air moves out of lungs
Adaption of alveoli for gas exchange
√large capillary network to bring in carbon dioxide carries away oxygen to keep large concentration gradient √are ventilated to bring in oxygen and carry out carbon dioxide √thin wall to provide short diffusion distance to increase rate of diffusion √moist which helps to dissolve gases √have large surface area to increase rate of diffusion
How airways kept clean
√respiratory tract lined by ciliated epithelium with goblet cells √goblet cells secrete mucus √cilia waves to push the mucus out
Explain breathing rate after exercise
√after exercise breathing rate remains high to take in oxygen to oxidize √muscles respire anaerobically releasing lactic acid √lactic acid in liver to pay for oxygen debt √during exercise muscles run short of oxygen
Disadvantage of smoking in relation to lungs?
√tar causes lung cancer √tar damages wall of alveoli decrease surface area for gas exchange reduce oxygen levels in blood(lung emphysema) √tar damage cillia, secretion of mucus increase will not swept away bacteria in mucus cause infection (chronic bronchitis)
Disadvantage of smoking in relation to circulatory system?
√nicotine cause rise in blood pressure which increase fat deposits in artery wall, increase risk of heart attacks √carbon monoxide bind to haemoglobin form carboxyhaemoglobin so oxygen concentration in blood decrease
Explain breathing rate during exercise?
√during exercise both breathing rate and depth increase √breathing rate increase to take in more oxygen for more aerobic respiration in muscle cells to release more energy and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide