Reproductive System

Women who have a deformed or narrow male like pelvis - can cause labor to be prolonged and difficult - treatment: Cesarean section

• Dilation stage - longest stage of labor, weak contractions, head enters true pelvis • Expulsion stage - lasts from full dilation to delivery of infant, strong contraction, urge to push increases, crowning occurs, - Episiotomy: incision made to widen vagina, to reduce tearing • Placental stage - delivery of afterbirth, strong contractions continue - all placenta fragments must be removed to prevent postpartum bleeding

Abnormal distribution of sex chromosomes to gametes that can cause abnormalities in sexual and reproductive system development

Females with only a single X chromosome (XO) so they never develop ovaries

Males with single Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes, they are sterile and are normal or only slightly below normal intellectually

Individuals with external genitalia that do not match their gonads - caused by interference of normal sex hormone production in embryo

• Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) • Second most common STI • Increased risk of cancer in infected body region • Treatment: difficult and controversial

• Cause: herpes simplex virus 2 • Characterized by latent periods and flare ups • Treatment: acyclovir and other antiviral drugs

• Most common curable STI in active young women • Parasitic infection, easily and inexpensively treated • Yellow green vaginal discharge with strong odor, some are symptomless

• Most common STI • Symptoms: urethritis, penile and vaginal discharge, abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses • Treatment: tetracycline

• Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally • Infection can be asymptomatic for 2-3 weeks • Painless ulcers develop at site of infection, usually disappear in a few weeks • Dangerous if left untreated • Treatment: penicillin

• “the clap” • Bacterial infection of mucous of reproductive and urinary tract • Spread by contact with genital and pharyngeal • Symptoms: Males have urethritis, painful urination, and discharge of pus, in Females, abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding, PID, and sterility

Removes breast, all underlying muscle, fascia, and lymph nodes

Excises only cancerous lump

Removes only breast tissue, sometimes some lymph nodes

• Second most common of cancer death in U.S • Detected by mammography • Treatment: depends on characteristics of lesion • Radiation, chemo, surgery

Failure of testes to make their normal descent - Can cause sterility and increase risk of testicular cancer - Surgery is usually performed during early childhood to rectify this problem

• Rare, common cancer in men 15-35 • Cryptorchidism is common risk factor • Signs: painless solid mass in testis • Treatment: surgical removal of your testes

Inflammation of prostate - bacterial infection, acute and chronic - treated with antibiotics

Non cancerous disorder - may be age related - distorts urethra - treatment: surgery

• Second most common cause of cancer death in males • Digital exam screening and PSA (prostate specific antigen levels) to help diagnose • Biopsy if abnormal screenings