Solutions
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V.P of pure water =
1.013 bar
Rate constant depends on
Temp
Henry’s law
Pressure of gas above the sol is directly proportional to mole fraction of gas inside the sol.
Pressure depends on
Nature of solute, temp, nature of solvent
Application of Henry’s law
• Preparation of soda water • Oxygen cylinders by scuba divers which are compressed & diluted with He • Used in high altitude to prevent anoxia
Vapour pressure of a liquid
Pressure exerted by vapours of liquid at eq.
Factors affecting vapour pressure
• Nature of liquid: If intermolecular forces are strong, V.P is less • Temp: directly prop
Raoult’s law
In liquid-liquid sol, partial pressure exerted by one component is directly prop to its mole fraction in sol
Effect of adding non-volatile solute to volatile solvent
VP decreases. So pressure exerted above the sol. is prop only to mole fraction of solvent
Ideal sols
That obey Raoult’s law
Ideal sols examples
n-hexane & n-heptane, benzene & toluene, chloroethane & bromoethane
For +ve deviation, P >
P`X
For +ve deviation, process is
endothermic
In endothermic process, ΔH(mix) & ΔV(mix) is
+ve
For ideal solns, ΔH & ΔV is
0
+ve deviation examples
ethyl alcohols & acetone, carbondisulphide & acetone, ethyl alcohol & water
-ve deviation examples
Nitric acid & water, CCl4 & acetone, Phenol & aniline
When intermolecular H bond is less, solns show ____ deviations
+ve
Azeotropic mixture
Mixture in which components have a definite BP & has the same composition in liquid & VP
Min boiling azeotropic mixture
Mixture in which BP of mixture is less than BP of individual components
Min boiling azeotropic mixtures show _______ deviation
+ve
Examples of Min boiling azeotropic mixture
Ethanol & water
Examples of max boiling azeotropic mixture
HNO3 & water
Colligative properties
Those properties which depends on amount of solute & not its nature