Organic 1: Introduction

The simplest ratio of each element in a compound

The actual number of atoms of each element present in a compound

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form, without showing all the bonds

Every atom and every bond in a molecule

Straight lines represent carbon-carbon bonds No hydrogen atoms are shown

A family of organic compounds with the same functional group, but different carbon chain length E.g. alkanes

1) Same general formula 2) Same functional group 3) Trends in physical properties 4) Similar chemical properties

As carbon chain length increases, melting and boiling points increase Because there are more intermolecular forces, so stronger intermolecular forces Which require more energy to overcome

Chain branching reduces melting points because molecules are less compact

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently

Structural isomer Stereoisomer

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently

1) Chain isomerism 2) Position isomerism 3) Functional group isomerism

When isomers have a different arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain, such as branching

When isomers have the same functional group attached to the main chain but at different points

When isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups (like aldehydes and ketones)

Isomers that have the same structural formula but different arrangement of bonds in space

1) Geometric (E-Z isomer) 2) Optical

Where the positions of substituents at either side of a carbon-carbon double bond are different If they are on the same side, it is a Z-isomer If they are on opposite sides, it is an E-isomer