Parasites
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Examples of roundworms
Nematodes
Example of flatworms
Cestodes(tapeworm) Trematodes (flukes)
Typical Nematode DIRECT life cycle
Egg-l1-l2-l3-immature-mature-repro product
How helminths differ from other pathogens
Parasitic infections are not contagious Disease is associated with quantitative exposture
Host site specificity
Most adult helminths occupy organs with a direct connection to the external environment (GI tract, pulmonary, urinary)
Adaptations to unfavorable environments
Some parasites have extremely persistent infective stages Some use vertical transmission and skip environment Some can transmit infections through paratenic hosts Some use arrested development
Examples of nematode life cycles and transmission strategies
Canine whip worm Feline roundworm Canine roundworm Canine hook worm
Trichuris vulpis: canine whipworm: where is it?
Cecum and large intestine
Trichuris vulpis: canine whipworm: clinical signs
Bloody diarrhea, weight loss
Toxocara cati: feline roundworm: where is it
Small intestine
Toxocara cati (feline roundworm):infective stage
Larvated egg VISERCAL larva migrans in humans
Toxocara cati (feline roundworm): clinical signs
Weight loss Distended abdomen Poor growth
Toxocara cati (feline roundworm): route of infection
Oral ingestion Transparency (lactogenic) paratenic hosts
Ancylostoma caninum (canine hookworm): where is it
Small intestine
Ancylostoma caninum (canine hookworm): infected stage
Larva Cutaneous larva in humans
Ancylostoma caninum (canine hookworm): clinical signs
Blood loss anemia Hypoproteinemia
Ancylostoma caninum (canine hookworm): routes of infection
Oral ingestion Percutaneous TransmarrAry Paratenic hosts
Toxocara canis (canine roundworm): where is it
Small intestine
Toxocara canis (canine roundworm): infected stage
Larvated egg Visceral/ocular larva in humans
Toxocara canis (canine roundworm): clinical signs
Weight loss Distended abdomen Poor growth
Toxocara canis (canine roundworm): route of infection
Oral ingestion Prenatal (intrauterine) Paratenic hosts
Helminth parasites
Roundworms and flatworms
Typical indirect life cycle
Repro product: infect age stage-immature-mature-repro product
Dipylidium caninum (flea tapeworm): where is it
Small intestine