Topic 8
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Describe the role of circulating (blood) and local hormones.
Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands to regulate and coordinate a range of bodily functions. Release of most hormones occurs in short bursts, although some are secreted over longer periods of time in order to stimulate permanent changes to the body. Hormones affect only specific target cells by (chemically) binding to specific receptors. Circulating hormones travel around the body in the blood. Examples include adrenaline and testosterone. Local hormones act on neighbouring cells without entering the bloodstream and are usually inactivated quickly. Examples include glucagon and serotonin.
Label the location of the major endocrine organs in the human body.
Limit to: * hypothalamus * pituitary gland * pineal gland * thyroid gland * adrenal glands * pancreas * ovaries and testes
Explain how circulating hormone levels are regulated.
They are regulated by complex feedback loops that may be influenced by: * signals from the nervous system, such as adrenaline * chemical changes in the blood, such as insulin * other hormones, such as growth hormone.
Explain the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are together responsible for homeostasis. * The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland. * The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland located in the brain below the hypothalamus. * Neurohormones, such as GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus, directly influence the pituitary gland. * Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus also stimulate the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes hormones, such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and growth hormone (GH), that help regulate a wide range of bodily functions including growth, and water and temperature regulation.