C11.3 Natural polymers and C11.4 DNA
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What are Carbohydrates made up of?
Oxygen - hydrogen and carbon atoms
What is the most common sugar?
Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
What is a monosaccharide?
Made up one sugar unit
What are glucose molecules made up of?
5 membered rings
What are fractose molecules made up of?
6 membered rings
How is sucrose made ?
Made from a glucose and fructose molecule bonded together via a condensation reaction in which H2O is lost when making the link
What are polysaccharides?
Lots of monosaccharide monomers
How is starch and glucose made?
Made from glucose monomers joined in condensation polymerisation
Why does cellulose have stronger intermolecular forces than starch?
Starch is made up of branched chains, whereas cellulose is made up of straight chains - meaning they can line up neatly to one another Therefore forming stronger intermolecular forces between the polymer chains
Are proteins natural polymers?
Yes as they are made up of different types of acid monomers
What do plants use starch for?
As energy stores
What do plants use cellulose for?
To give and strengthen the plant’s structure
What are the monomers of proteins called?
Amino acids
How many functional groups do amino acids have?
2
What functional groups do amino acids contain?
One basic - (the amine group - NH(2) One acidic - (The carboxylic group - COOH)
What is the simplest amino acid called?
Glycine which Has one COOH branch and one NH2 branch
How do the glycine molecules react together?
The OH gets removed to join with the next NH and the H also gets removed forming a 2(H2O) molecule
How is a polypeptide molecule formed?
Made from glycine molecules joining together
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
How is DNA made?
By the condensation polymerisation of repeating units of monomers called nucletotides So DNA is known as polynucleotide + Water
What do millions of nucleotides make?
DNA + Water
What is the structure of DNA?
Consists of a double helix made up of two long polymer strands of nucletodies The 2 strands run in opposite directions to each other Held in places by intermolecular forces
What does a nucleotide contain?
A phosphate a base ( A-T or C-G) and a sugar(deoxyribose)