Lecture 16
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Each row in the periodic table corresponds to what?
A different shell or Bohr energy level
The elements in the same row have?
the same number of shells
Different electron shells hold? What does this allow?
Different number of electrons, giving rise to the distinctive structure of the periodic table
Atoms in the same column contain?
The same number of e- in the outermost shell (valence electrons)
What does sharing the same number of valence electrons do?
It gives them similar chemcial properties and reactivities
Every object in nature tries to?
reach a state of lowest energy
What is the state of lowest energy for atoms?
When their outermost shell is completely filled, reaching its most stable configuration
How do atoms try to reach the state of lowest energy?
by forming chemical bonds
What are chemical bonds?
The process by which two or more atoms are combined, it is a linkage between two atoms
How do atoms attempt to fill their outershell?
Give electrons, accept electrons, and share electrons
What are the 3 kinds of chemical bonds that atoms form?
ionic bonds, metallic bonds, and covalent bonds
What are the magic numbers for electrons?
2, 10, 18, or 36 because it represents that all their shells are filled
What kinds of atoms form ionic bonds?
Those who differ from the magic number by only 1 or 2 electrons and are particularly reactive
What causes atoms to either give up or share an electron for an ionic bond?
Electrical force between two oppositely charged ions that holds the atoms together
What happens when an electron is given or accepted?
The atoms that accept them become electrically charged, where the one that gives us the electron becomes positive and the one that accepts it becomes negative
What happens in a metallic bond?
Atoms give up and share electrons
What are the characteristics of metallic bonds?
They are shiny luster, conduct electricity, and are malleable
What does a metallic bond look like?
A collection of positively charged ions, in a sea of glue-like liquid (electrons)
What happens in a covalent bond?
Molecules, two atoms of the same element, share electrons
Why is Carbon an interesting case?
Because it has 4 valence electrons, it can form 4 single bonds where 1 e- from each atom is shared, or 2 double bonds where 2 e- from each atom are shared
What are the two types of covalent bonds?
purely covalent or polar covalent
What is a purely covalent bond?
When electrons are shared equally
What is a polar covalent bond?
When electrons reside closer to one side of the atoms due to electronegativity
What is electronegativity?
It quantifies how polar, polar covalent bonds are, with a partial charge