Chapter 9: Expertise
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Associative stage
Book definition: “The second of Fitts’ stages of skill acquisition, in which the declarative representation of a skill is converted into a procedural representation. (p. 212)”
Autonomous stage
Book definition: “The third of Fitts’ stages of skill acquisition, in which the performance of a skill becomes automated. (p. 212)”
Cognitive stage
Book definition: “The first of Fitts’ stages of skill acquisition, in which the declarative encoding of a skill is developed and used. (p. 211)”
Componential analysis
Book definition: “An approach to instruction that begins with an analysis of the individual elements that need to be learned. (p. 232)”
Deliberate practice
Book definition: “The kind of practice that Ericsson postulated to be critical for the development of expertise. This practice is highly motivated and includes careful self-monitoring. (p. 228)”
Intelligent tutoring system
Book definition: “A computer system that combines cognitive models with techniques from artificial intelligence to create instructional interactions with students. (p. 233)”
Mastery learning
Book definition: “The effort to bring students to mastery of each element in a curriculum before promoting them to new material in the curriculum. (p. 232)”.
Negative transfer
Book definition: “Poor learning of a second task as a function of having learned a first task. (p. 232)”
Proceduralization
Book definition: “The process by which declarative knowledge is converted into procedural knowledge. (p. 216)”
Strategic learning
Book definition: “The learning of how to organize one’s problem solving for a specific class of problems. Compare tactical learning. (p. 219)”
Tactical learning
Book definition: “The learning of sequences of actions that help solve a problem. Compare strategic learning. (p. 217)”
Theory of identical elements
Book definition: “The theory that there will be transfer from one skill to another only to the extent that the skills have the same knowledge elements in common. (p. 231)”