single species ID
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Why are phenotypic ID’s challenging?
because they are susceptible to variation in expertise.
What are the results and impacts of invasive earthworms?
tree seedlings, ferns, wildflowers, and water quality decline given changes in physical and chemical properties of soil
what is a universal species test?
this is a primer set to amp a spectrum of species
what kind of species test is challenging to exclude other species?
species-specific test
what is a mixed species test?
you can amplify a set of species
T/F: universal tests will amplify all species equally.
false
what are the implications of species tests?
• specificity • sensitivity • validation
what are the advantages of small DNA segments?
more likely to get viable profiles, and since this is most likely degraded it will still work
what is the disadvantages to small DNA segments?
too small they might not contain genetic variation
what is the problem with too much variation?
primers might not work or stick on properly.
what is often the first and only question for a wildlife forensic or non-human foresnic scientist?
species identification
T/F: universal tests are required prior to running tests for individual identification or population assignments.
false, species specific tests are required
how can you get DNA from an egg?
scrapping the exterior or swabbing the interior of an egg
T/F: in cases such as shark finning DNA can be tracked back to geographic regions where population stocks can be identified.
true
what is a biological species?
group of individuals that can breed together but not with other groups
biological species are ____ from other groups.
reproductively isolated
what is the phylogenetic species concept?
group whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of certain defining or derived traits
T/F: forensic DNA profiles are determined based on similarity or disimilarity of different markers
true
What are the exceptions to morphological species identifications?
cryptic species and ecotypes.
A species that looks the same but genetically is different is considered what?
a cryptic species.
T/F: ecotypes can be defined as a species that has strong selective pressures amongst the same species and they are reproductively isolated.
false, they are NOT reproductively isolated.
what is a monophyletic group?
an ancestral population and all descendants
what does incomplete lineage mean?
the species that may be monophyletic might have very similar DNA as they haven’t been apart for long enough
what is the ideal DNA barcode?
something that is: - present in all organisms - distinguishes all species - easily amplified and sequenced