Paper 2- Alcohols and ethanol
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What can alcohols be oxidised to form
carboxylic acids
what does it mean when something is oxidised
when something is oxidised it gains electrons
What does microbial oxidation form
carboxylic acids
How are alcohols oxidised through the process of microbial oxidation
-microorganisms use oxygen in air to oxidise alcohols so they can use alcohols as an energy source
What do alcohols undergo when they are burnt in enough oxygen
they undergo complete combustion
give the word equation for the oxidation of ethanol when it is burnt
ethanol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
what is ethene produced from
crude oil
name the 3 ways ethanol can be oxidised
burning in air or oxygen (complete combustion) reaction with oxygen in the air to form ethanoic acid (microbial oxidation) heating with potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulfuric acid to form ethanoic acid
name the 2 ways ethanol can be manufactured by
reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 ºC and a pressure of about 60–70 atm • the fermentation of glucose, in the absence of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 ºC and using the enzymes in yeast
2 advantages of the production of ethanol using ethene and steam
• cheap process at the moment as ethene = cheap and not much is wasted • however crude oil = non-renewable resource- so will start running out soon- soon using ethene to make ethanol will become very expensive
what do carboxylic acids in aqueous solution react with metal carbonates to form
• salt • water • carbon dioxide
carboxylic acids; ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate –>
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
what do carboxylic acids react with metals to form
• salt - hydrogen
carboxylic acids; ethanoic acid + magnesium –>
magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen
what are esters formed from
alcohols and carboxylic acids
Give the steps of how you would make ethyl ethanoate in a lab
1) add few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to boiling tube using a dropping pipette 2) add 10 drops of ethanoic acid 3) add equal volume of ethanol 4) place boiling tube in beaker of weaker and place on tripod 5) heat using bunsen burner until water starts to boil and then turn off bunsen 6) after 1 minute, remove tube and allow it to cool 7) once cool pour mixture into test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix - layer of ester should form on top of solution