Atmosphere + Pollution
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explain how features of the environment may affect the dispersal of atmospheric pollutants. (4)
wind velocity- distance travelled wind direction- dispersal temperature- rate of degradation presence of the pollutants- chemical reactions/synergism presence of UV/sunlight- photodegradation/chemical reactions topography- reduce movement away from source/shelter
Which atmospheric pollutant is controlled by landfill tax? (1)
Methane
use tropospheric ozone to explain the meaning of secondary pollutant? (2)
formed by reactions of other pollutant(s); trop O3 formed by breakdown of NOx to release monotonic O and reaction of O2/ interaction of NOx and O2 NO2–>NO+O O+O2–>O3 NO+O2–>O3
Explain how tropospheric ozone increases the problems caused by acid rain. (3)
synergistic action; ozone damages wax/cuticle/stomata; exposes leaf to other acidic pollutant; reacts with sulfur dioxide to produce sulfur trioxide; SO3 produces sulfuric acid; increase damage e.g. corrosion leaching of toxic metals
describe how changes to soil, caused by acidic pollution, harm plants. (2)
soil deflocculation; nutrient leaching/solubility/loss; enzymes denatured/proteins denatured; reduced decomposition
describe features of lichens that make them useful in monitoring acidic atmospheric pollution. (4)
range of sensitivities (to acidic conditions); generally distributed; easy to find; easy to identify; normally common;
explain how biotic indices may be used to monitor pollution. (6)
sensitivity to pollution; range of tolerance/different sensitivities; lichens/aquatic invertebrates presence/absence; abundance; size/state of health easy to find/catch; easy to identify;
describe the factors that make it more likely that a temperature inversion will occur. (3)
high pressure; low wind speed; valley; clear sky; night time;
outline the differences between smoke smogs and photochemical smogs. (5)
smog: smoke + fog colder days combustion of FF photochemical smog: NOx + HC + O3–(>18°C and sunny)–>PANS warmer days combustion of FF in car engines
suggest how the production of a named pollutant, other than smoke, may be reduced by the name of a secondary fuel. (1)
CO2/SO2/NOx are not released when an there is an increase in use of hydrogen
ozone is involved in many environmental issues. outline how ozone is environmentally important in the following (1 mark for each)
acid rain: oxidises SO2 to SO3 the stratosphere: absorbs UV/prevents skin cancer photochemical smog: interaction with NOX production of PANs directly affecting living organisms: eye/respiratory/asthma/leaf cuticle damage
suggest how the low persistence of ozone affects the severity of the pollution it causes. (1)
only short term/reduced mobility
suggest how the low persistence of ozone affects the severity of the pollution it causes. (1)
only short term/reduced mobility
describe how oxides of nitrogen may cause the production of a secondary pollutant. (2)
photochemical reaction to create PANs NOx + HC + O3–(>18°C and sunny)–>PANS
outline methods that may be used to reduce the emissions of oxides of nitrogen. (2)
catalytic conveter; reduces; oxygen+nitrogen produced; urea/ammonia treatment;
outline methods that may be used to reduce the emissions of sulfur dioxide… (2)
wet/dry desulfurisation; coal desulfurisation; clean air act
explain how lichens can be used to monitor atmospheric pollution. (4)
range/type; sensitivities; presence/absence/abundance; colour; size/state of health; estimate past pollutant levels
describe how the impact of pH on seed germination may be investigated. (6)
Name seed/same seed species (e.g. crest); same amount of seeds (minimum of 10); repeat so results are reliable for a statistical test; range of pH; control variable; temperature/water/light/age of seeds record results daily count/ calculate percentage of germinated seeds
For ozone depletion and global climate change, state the differences in the following: (1 mark for each)
types of electromagnetic radiation involved: ozone depletion UV/short wave GCC IR/long wave; direction of travel of the radiation involved: ozone depletion downwards/incoming/from Sun GCC upwards/outgoing/from Earth; layer of the atmosphere in which the radiation is involved: ozone depletion stratosphere/ozonosphere [A ozone layer] GCC troposphere; involvement of CFCs: ozone depletion source of chlorine GCC absorbs IR/greenhouse gas; international agreements intended to reduce the problems: ozone depletion Montreal Protocol GCC Kyoto Protocol;
Explain how natural processes cause atmospheric carbon dioxide levels to fluctuate. (3)
Change in named process;; Eg photosynthesis (aerobic) respiration/decomposition volcanic action forest fires combustion; death; Stated impact on CO2 levels;;
Explain the difference between positive feedback mechanisms and negative feedback mechanisms. (2)
Positive feedback increases the initial change; Negative feedback reduces the initial change;
Explain how ozone depletion threatens humans. (2 marks each= total of 4)
human health: DNA mutation; Proteins/enzymes denatured; Sunburn; Skin cancer/; Retina damage; other living organisms: Lower crop yield/fishery yields / other stated impact on humans; Reduced photosynthesis; Egg damage; Leaf (cuticle) damage; Reduced photosynthesis/egg damage/other stated impact;
Describe the strategies that are being developed to control emissions of named greenhouse gases. (6)
eg carbon dioxide energy conservation to reduce fossil fuel use use of non-fossil fuel energy resources/renewables/nuclear carbon sequestration/tree planting named regulation/Kyoto protocol/Paris agreement/COP21 methane reduced use of landfill burning of landfill gas burning of coal mine/oil facility gas named change to livestock production named change to padi field/rice production named regulation/Landfill Tax oxides of nitrogen increased use of mass transport urea/ammonia sprays catalytic converters named regulation/MOT/congestion charge chlorofluorocarbons named alternative material/alcohol/HC/HCFC/HFC named alternative process/trigger packs/pump action waste CFC incineration named regulation/Montreal Protocol/Vienna Convention tropospheric ozone NO x control
Describe how methane is released by fossil fuel use. (1)
Anaerobic decomposition/respiration/digestion/fermentation; organic matter/bacteria;