Water Test
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Ionic Bond
A bond formed between oppositely charged ions
Covalent Bond
Bond formed between two atoms sharing electrons
Electronegativity
the more electronegative an atom the stronger it attracts shared electrons
Is being highly electronegative the same as having a negative charge?
No, being electronegative means you want the electron badly (so usually you would attract them with a positive charge; opposites attract)
Is water polar?
Yes water is polar. Caused by shape and unequal sharing of electrons. Hydrogen side is more positively charged and the oxygen side is more negatively charged.
Behavior of electrons in hydrogen bonds.
electrons are shared, the positive charge attracts the negative charge however, “O” has a greater pull
Electron Behavior in Ionic Bonds
One atom hogs the electrons most of the time
Electron behavior in Non-polar covalent bonds
electrons are equally shared
electron behavior in polar covalent bonds
although electrons are shared, one atom pulls on them more than the other.
You need to find the %change in mass of an object (final mass – initial mass / initial mass)*100%. What type of uncertainty should be reported with this?
Uncertainty of the tool used (i.e. Scale). If there are several uncertainties meaning different tools were used, then you add both uncertainties.
A measurement reads 10.1 cm. How many sig figs? What is the uncertainty digit? Report the absolute uncertainty
3 sig figs. Uncertainty digit: 1 after the decimal (tenths place) 0.1 / 2 = +/- 0.05 cm
(85.1 cm +/- 0.5cm ) + (94.2 cm +/- 0.5 cm) =
179.3 cm +/- 1cm
(10.0 cm +/- 0.5cm ) x (10.0 cm +/- 0.5 cm) = %U = (abs u/ measurement) *100%
% U = (0.5cm / 10.0cm) * 100 = 5% %U = (0.5cm / 10.0cm) *100 =5% Sum of % U’s -> 5% +5% = 10% Times measurements -> 10.0cm * 10.0cm = 100.0 cm Answer: 100.0 cm +/- 10%
Is Diatomic Oxygen (O2) polar? Why or why not?
No, O2 is nonpolar, it has no dipole moment. Both oxygens are negatively charged (equal electronegativity) and thus share the electrons.
In a single covalent bond _____ pair(s) of electrons are shared.
one
Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (Along with Plant cell vs Animal cell)
Hypo: lots of water, animal cell is lysed, plant cell turgid Iso: means “same”, Animal cell is normal, plant cell is flaccid Hyper: not a lot of water, animal cell shriveled, plant cell plasmolyzed
Properties of water
Cohesion & Adhesion Surface Tension Thermal properties Expansion when frozen Solvent Properties
Adhesion vs. Cohesion
Adhesion- 2 different molecules that are attracted to each other Cohesion- like molecules attracted to each other
Evaporative Cooling
As the top layer of the liquid evaporates it takes the kinetic energy is absorbed with it and cools the lower layers
Specific Heat
How much heat it takes to make 1g of a substance to change 1 degree (Celsius obvi) (change can be positive or neg)
Talk abt Capillary action
water moving through a porous material due to cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension