Musculoskeletal System
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Identify condyloid joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Condyloid : radius, ulna, carpal bones Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Sporting Example: basketball players dribbling ball, bowling in cricket where bowlers can put spin on ball by adjusting their wrist
Identify hinge (elbow) joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Hinge (elbow): humerus, radius, ulna Movement: flexion, extension. Sporting Example: Flexion – Bicep curls, flexion occurs at upward phase of movement Extension – Bicep curl, extension occurs on the downward phase of the movement
Identify hinge (knee) joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Hinge (knee): femur, tibia. Movement: flexion, extension. Sporting example: Flexion – in football preparatory phase as leg bent backwards Extension – in football, kicking phase, there’s powerful extension
Identify ball & socket (shoulder) joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Ball and Socket (Shoulder): Humerus, scapula. Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation. Sporting Example: Cricket, when player bowling they rotate using shoulder, extends & flexes Arm raises – when performing arm raise laterally, ball & socket joint being used. Arms brought away from midline of body, abduction & when arms brought back towards midline of body, movement occurring is adduction
Identify pivot joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Pivot: Atlas and Axis – First two vertebrae Allows rotation – turning head in relation to shoulders Allows athlete to turn head to assist sighting in sports such as archery, shooting & cricket. Also to turn to take in visual cues in most sports – position of opponents, teammates, obstacles
Identify gliding joints. Describe the bones that articulate at the joint and the type of sporting movement that can occur when playing sport.
Gliding: Clavicle & scapula – shoulder girdle Allow – elevations of shoulder – bracing shoulders in rugby tackle – abduction & adduction of arms/shoulders – rotation of shoulders This would be evident in sports involving catching skills
Identify the purpose of increased synovial fluid production in a warm-up.
Synovial fluid = fluid that fills joint capsule & nourishes & lubricates articular cartilage, as well as shock absorption, rids joints of waste debris
Research has shown that regular exercise has both positive and negative outcomes. Discuss the positive and negative effects of regular physical activity on the musculoskeletal system.
Positives: Increases production of synovial fluid, aiding friction-free movement Increases tolerance of muscles to lactic acid Reduces risk of osteoporosis Good posture & alignment where stabilising muscles are strong Negatives: Growth plate injuries can result in abnormal growth of bone tissue or completely stop bone growth Overuse injury from sustained impact, e.g. tennis elbow, shin splints Stress fracture resulting from repeated application of stress
The pressure to win has forced modern athletes to constantly look for ways to improve performance. Explain legal methods an athlete could use to improve aerobic performance.
Hypoxic tents – amount of oxygen in atmosphere inside HT can be manipulated & controlled. Athletes can live/train in hypoxic tents to stimulate effects of living/training at high altitude. – Tents facilitate LLTH method allowing athletes opportunity to experience this type of training without having to leave home. HT = economically more attractive than annual altitude training camps Altitude Training – at altitude, atmospheric & partial pressure of O2 lower than sea level. Lower pressure gradient between air in lungs & atmosphere & reduced rate of gaseous exchange. – As less O2 arrives at mitochondria, thus, at altitude, athlete finds harder to work & train aerobically. Training in this environment - body becomes better able to function with less oxygen
The pressure to win has forced modern athletes to constantly look for ways to improve performance. Explain illegal methods an athlete could use to improve aerobic performance.
Blood doping = artificial way of increasing number of RBCs in body. - significantly increase VO2 max. It’s carried out by blood transfusion, using either athlete’s blood or matched blood from another person. Benefits = increased energy delivery & delayed fatigue for aerobic performance. EPO (Erythropoietin) = hormone stimulating production of RBCs in bone marrow. It’s blood protein produced in kidneys during periods of hypoxia, - insufficient supply of oxygen in respiring muscles. EPO can increase RBC volume from 45% to 65% - builds & mends muscle & increases O2 transport
Using the upward phase of the biceps curl, state the type of joint, the movement type and the agonist and antagonist muscles involved in carrying out this action
Joint – hinge or synovial hinge joint Movement type–Flexion Agonist muscle–biceps Antagonist muscle–triceps
Identify two types of muscle contraction involved in the upward and downward phase of the biceps curl
Concentric movement in upward phase - biceps shortens under tension producing movement around elbow joint. Force exerted = greater than resistance Eccentric movement in downward phase - biceps lengthen under tension helping to control movement around elbow joint. Force exerted = less than resistance