Topic 1

Axial: center axis of the body eg: Vertabrae, skull, ribs, sternum Appendicular: Is the bones which are attached to axial eg: Pectoral girdle, humerous, femur, carpals…, tarpals…, tibia, radius

Axial: To protect skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column Attachment point for muscles support pelvis and vertebrae Appendicular: Attachment point for muscles movement of muscles with bones acting as levers support organs and tissues requiring structure blood cell formation: RBC and WBC mineral reservoir: Phosphorus and calcium

Long: Femur, humerus, Tibia, Metatarsals, phalanges Short: carpals Irregular: Vertebrae, sacrum Flat: ribs, cranium, scapula

-Epiphysis, spongy bone, articular cartilage, diaphysis, compact bone, bone marrow, marrow cavity, blood vessel, periosteum, endosteum

• Hollow shape keeps weight low= allow efficint movement • Cartilage reduces friction= reduces damage • Spongy bone/red bone marrow produces RBC and WBC= o2 delivery and fight dieses • Yellow bone marrow= provides a fat storage

Inferior Superior Proximal Distal medial Lateral Posterior Anterior Internal External

Tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body Cartilage: Reduces friction on bone ends Ligament: Bone to Bone Tedon: Bone to muscle

Cartilage is a hard, strong connective tissue that provides support for some soft tissues and forms a sliding area for joints so that bones can move easily.

A ligament is a band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another, serving to support and strengthen a joint

Tedon connects bone to muscle. They are specialised skeletal structures that generally transmit muscular pull to bones.

Where two or more bones articulate

Fibrous: No joint cavity, thin layer of fibrous tissue connecting edges of two bones, dont move eg: sutures between bones in skull Cartilaginous: No joint cavity, bones can be seperated by a fibrocartilage disc or thick layer of hyaline cartialge, slight movement eg: joint between vertebrae and spinal column Synovial: has joint cavity, most occurring, important for mobility, freely moveable eg: knee

Hinge: Flexion and extension in one direction eg: elbow, knee Ball and Soccer: Move all direction eg: shoulder, hip Condyloid: eg: between radius and carpal Pivot: eg: top of neck Gliding: Eg: between carpal/tarsal bones Saddle: eg: Metatrapals of thumb

Contractility -muscle can shorten Extensibility e muscle can lengthen more than at rest Elasticity -> after stretching (lengthening muscle) it can return to rest without damage A trophy -> Complete wasting away part of the body Muscular hypertrophy-most common/visible forms of organ hypertrophy In Skeletal muscle when strength training ↳ depending on type of exercise, the hypertrophy can occur through& Sarcoplasmic volume or increased contractile proteins

Skeletal · Voluntary -> under conscious control · stricted-light and dark bands are visable /microscope · Skeletale attached to bones and moves body parts Cardiac muscle · Tissue forming most of the heart · striated · Involuntary -not under conscious control (built In rythm-nutorhythmicity) Smooth muscle · Tissue in the walls of hollow organs (stomach, intestine) · not-striated · not under conscious control

epimysium, permysium, endomysium, muscle fiber, myofibril, Sarcomere, actin, myosin

origin = The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone Insertion: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone