form and movement

skull, ribcage, vertebral column

scapula, clavicle, pelvis

1.protection 2.shape 3.support 4.movement

1.middle of the bone is composed of spongy bone, as there is less calcium 2.the outside of the bone is composed of compact bone, harder 3.cartilage at the end of bone, acts as shock absorber 4.the epiphyses at the end of the bone, which contributes in formation of joint

1.smooth articular cartilage at the end of the bone to reduce friction and act as shock absorber 2.contains synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane, which lubricates the end of the bone 3.surrounded by tough fibrous capsule and contains ligaments, which are fibrous, and have great tensile strength. ligaments allow movement of joint and prevent dislocation of bone

1.hinge joints 2.ball and socket joints

1.allows movement in one plane 2.ex. up and down movement of elbow joint

1.allows for movement in three planes 2.ex. shoulder and hip joints

tissues that are attached to bones by tendons and move them by contracting, pulling on the bone

1.when a muscle contracts it shortens and the tendons pull a bone making it move 2.muscles work in antagonistic pairs

when the bones looses calcium and becomes more porous and less dense, so breaks more easily

1.aging 2.after menopause in females, due to change in hormonal levels 3.deficiency of calcium and vitamin D

1.bone fracture 2.loss of height over time 3.back pain