IB Biology: Level 4 - Eukaryotic Cells 1.2,1.4, and 1.5
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Features of a Prokaryotic cell
• Cytoplasm • Nucleoid • Plasmids • Ribosomes (70S) • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Slime capsule • Flagella • Pili
Features of a Eukaryotic cell
• Plasma membrane • lysosome • Golgi apparatus • Mitochondria • Ribosomes (80S) • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
State the structure and function of Ribosomes (universal organelle)
STRUCTURE: Made up of 2 subunits of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S).FUNCTION: It is the site of polypeptide synthesis (also called translation)
State the structure and function of the Plasma membrane (universal organelle)
STRUCTURE: Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteinsFUNCTION: Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
State the structure and function of the Nucleus (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane structure with pores, contains an inner region called a nucleolusFUNCTION: Stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin; nucleolus is site of ribosome assembly
State the structure and function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: A membrane network that may be bare (smooth ER) or studded with ribosomes (rough ER)FUNCTION: Transports materials between organelles (smooth ER = lipids; rough ER = proteins)
State the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membraneFUNCTION: Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products
State the structure and function of the Mitochondrion (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristaeFUNCTION: Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)
State the structure and function of the Chloroplast (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane with internal stacks of membranous disks (thylakoids)FUNCTION: Site of photosynthesis - manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids
State the structure and function of a Vacuole (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: Fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)FUNCTION: Maintains hydrostatic pressure
State the structure and function of the Cell Wall (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: External outer covering made of celluloseFUNCTION: Provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake
State the structure and function of the Lysosome (eukaryotic organelle/animal cells)
STRUCTURE: Membranes sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymesFUNCTION: Breakdown/hydrolysis of macromolecules
Cell
the basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cell theory
a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
Unicellular
made of a single cell
Multicellular
consisting of many cells
Tissue
a group of similar cells that perform the same function
Organ
a structure in the body that is composed of different kinds of tissue
Organ System
a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body
Organelle
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Cell Wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms
Cytoskeleton
a protein “framework” inside a cell that gives the cell a shape
Cell Membrane
the outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell
Nucleus
the control center of a eukaryotic cell that directs the cell’s activities and contains the information that determines the cell’s form and function