1.5.2 Moral and Ethical Issues

A field of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence

To simulate human cognitive functions, enabling them to adapt and improve over time.

Difficult to place accountability Invasions of privacy as AI has access to information Job displacement AI systems must avoid biases that could lead to discrimination / harm

Moral concerns regarding: data privacy, security, and informed consent Users must be provided with clear info about how their data will be used, who will have access, and what the risks are.- DPA but this is difficult with AI

AI can unintentionally uphold cultural bias or incorrectly represent specific languages, based on their datasets PRO: AI can digitize and restore historical artifacts and preserve cultural heritage BUT could antagonize sensitive cultures

Cons: Loss of jobs, due to tasks becoming AI automated So, workers must be upskilled to avoid unemployment Those with more resources and access to tech will benefit more from AI creating a digital divide between classes MUST ensure equal access to AI education and resources Pro: AI can improve healthcare diagnostics and treatment Cons: Patient data could be compromised, AI could make poor decisions in safety critical environments Hard to assign accountability- have to decide the extent of human oversight and select a final decision making authority (the AI, the developer, or the doctor).

AI algorithms may show bias if trained on bias data sets, causing discrimination- hard to ensure equity Autonomous systems must be programmed to avoid accidents- BUT how will an AI decide the best course of action if an accident is unavoidable AI systems collect and use vast amounts of data

The control or suppression of information, ideas, or content available online It aims to regulate the flow of information and protect specific values or interests

To protect national security, by preventing the spread of sensitive information To restrict harmful content To preserve cultural norms To combat misinformation

Con: Opposes freedom of expression- people should have the right to access diverse perspectives so that society is informed Pro: Vulnerable communities should be shielded form violence or discriminating promoting content

Must ensure transparency accountability, preventing abuses of power Pros: Openness could ensure censorship is fair Cons: Could rely on invasive surveillance of online activity Could infringe upon the right to privacy

Cons: Can restrict the free flow of diverse cultural perspectives Cultural diversity must be balanced with content moderation- to uphold cross-cultural understanding Can harm the inclusivity of the digital world

Pros: Can ensure a safe, inclusive digital environment- if balanced with social cohesion Cons: Can widen the digital divide, by hindering equitable access to info

The systematic observation and recording of individuals activities and communications

Can enhance security and aid in crime prevention Visible surveillance can deter criminal activities GPS monitoring can help to locate missing individuals Can be used to assess employee productivity

Cons: Requires robust data security measures Unnecessary data collection may occur

Can infringe upon an individual’s right to privacy Can challenge an individual’s autonomy

Can harm public trust in the institutions implementing monitoring Can result in self censorship and fear of expression Can overly monitor vulnerable communities causing mistrust

The unauthorised use, distribution or reproduction of copyrighted material

Software piracy Music and film piracy eBook piracy

Pros: Can democratise access to copyrighted content Cons: Infringes upon intellectual property rights

Pros: Can highlight gaps in legal access to media Cons: Can encourage unauthorised use of copyrighted material- creating a culture of unfair practices

Pros: Encourages the sharing of knowledge and info Cons: Can inflict financial consequences and losses for creators

Pros: Can lead to global recognition of cultural products Cons: Creators from vulnerable cultures who rely on revenue to survive will suffer