Exam #2

the maximum amount of one substance (solute) that is able to dissolve into another (solvent)

intermolecular interactions temperature pressure

like dissolves like polarity/ionization similar electron configuration–> higher solubility

elevated temperature increases solubility

affects gases higher pressure increases solubility

inverse relationship hypothermia– anes. gases stay soluble in blood rather than to lungs and being exhaled by the body as a gas

at constant temp, the amount of gas dissolved in liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid interface p=kc (k-constant) (c-concentration) (p-partial pressure)

the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight smaller molecule-> faster diffusion

diffusion of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure gradient, the membrane solubility of the gas, and the membrane area diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the membrane thickness and the molecular weight of the gas

passive oxygenation (in ENT cases, unable to ventilate) diffusion hypoxia concentration effect second gas effect

nitrous is very soluble tissues become saturated, diffuse into alveoli quickly once turned off, creating hypoxic mixture in the lungs <21%

increasing the fraction of inspired concentration (FI) of an inhalation anesthetic will more rapidly increase the fraction of alveolar concentration (FA) of the agent– think about Henry’s law

As nitrous is diffused into the blood from the alveoli at a faster rate than the volatile anesthetic, it leaves a void of volume in the alveoli. It creates pressure gradient, allowing more volatile anesthetic to enter the alveoli at a faster rate.

cells in hypertonic fluid

cells in hypotonic fluid

the capacity of a solution to modify the volume of a cell by altering its water content

elevated ICP treated with an agent creating a hypertonic osmotic environment, pulling fluid from interstitial space around brain Osmotic diuretic (mannitol) increases serum tonicity, drawing edema from brain parenchyma into the intravascular space

proton donor

proton acceptor

electron pair acceptor (electrophile)

electron pair donor (nucleophile)

substance that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in a chemical reaction

substance that can accept a proton or donate an electron pair in a chemical reaction

acid and a base react to form water and a salt (ionic compound) acid+base->water+salt